The MCAT is required for entry into most medical school programs.
Medical schools use the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) as part of the selection process for admission. If your score is not good enough, you will not be accepted into a medical school. Schools do not advertise the ideal score for acceptance; however, a perfect score is 45. Improve your score by reviewing test subjects and with plenty of exam practice.
Preparatory Courses
Sign up for a MCAT preparatory course that review subjects, such as physical science and chemistry, in a classroom environment. Treat a review course like any college course by studying outside of class and doing well on the practice exams. Preparatory courses provide test-taking strategies and time management techniques. Discuss your practice test results with a professional instructor after they analyze your answers.
Study Guides
Purchase MCAT study guides and get lists of essential vocabulary and explanations of test question formats. Create a study session to review the guides beginning at least three months prior to your exam date. The more comfortable you become with the test format, the more confidence you gain, which is crucial for achieving a substantial score. Include supplemental readings to enhance your study guide sessions. Read material on diverse subjects, including literature, law and history, to expand your vocabulary and commonplace knowledge. Include prominent newspapers in your sessions, such as The New York Times and Wall Street Journal, to learn about current events.
Practice Tests
One of the most effective ways to improve your MCAT score is to take practice exams several times. Practice with mock exams that include test questions used on past exams. Make your test-taking environment as similar as possible to the real test setting by using only materials available for testing. Complete full-length tests and keep up with your time during the practice test. Purchase practice exams online and utilize test score analysis when available.
Tags: practice exams, medical school, practice test, your score
One of the first steps on the road to becoming a nurse is to pass the HESI exam.
If you're planning on a career in nursing, some nursing schools may require you to take the HESI (Health Education Systems Inc.) entrance exam. Focusing on biological science, this exam may determine if you realize your dream of becoming a nurse or not. So you need to be proficient in all sections of the test, including the math part.
Instructions
1. Purchase the HESI entrance test prep textbook. The book covers all the sections that you will be tested on, including the math part of the exam. Go through the entire book, complete the sample questions and make a note of those areas where you require additional review.
2. Focus on your weak points. Study the math problems that you have a hard time with. Solve problems in this area and strengthen your performance by completing additional problems.
3. Memorize units of measure. Know all the units of measure in the HESI entrance exam book. Learn convert from metric units to U.S. customary units and vice versa.
4. Learn convert times. In health care, military time is often used instead of standard time. Be sure you know convert both a.m. and p.m. to military times. Practice the conversions until you're proficient.
5. Know your fractions. Be aware of convert numbers to fractions and solve problems that involve fractions. This area is covered extensively in the HESI entrance test textbook.
6. Stay calm on exam day. Read all questions carefully and take note of the instructions for your expected answers. The answer may need to be to a certain decimal place. Be aware of place decimal points. The answer may need to be in a different unit of measure, so know convert from one measure to another. Use the calculator provided on your computer to cross-check your work and to solve problems. You cannot bring your own calculator to the HESI entrance test.
Tags: HESI entrance, entrance test, HESI entrance test, answer need, becoming nurse, convert from
Preparing for Business school is a very stressful thing. A master's degree in business, MBA, will go a long way in your future career, so quality planning is important.
Instructions
1. Start planning 1 year in advance. There is a lot to do.
2. Get a financial plan together for how you'll support yourself in school. Decide, do I want to stay in state? Do I need to go to a private school? This will have serious financial consequences. Seek out loans, grants and anything you can find. Also, talk with the counselors to see if you will be able to hold a part-time job while at school, some school don't allow it or don't recommend it. It will be VERY busy while at school, you may not have time.
3. Figure out your long term goals and decide which schools offer the things you want. My experience taught me the best school criteria should be the companies that recruit there. You're there to get put yourself in position for a better career most likely, take advantage of it.
4. Take the practice tests, study hard and use the resources that will help you. Spend the money on the tests, it will help you get into the school you want.
5. If your married or part of a relationship, you'll obviously need to get buy in from the significant other. They will be under just as much financial stress as you will be.
6. Take the applications very seriously. They get reviewed and it's competitive.
7. Send in the applications to your top 5 choices. It's also good to check back with the schools right before school starts. Sometimes they don't meet their quotas and start lowering their admissions standards. Good luck!!!
Surgical nurse practitioners specialize in pre- and post-surgical treatment of patients.
The field of nursing is in need of competent professionals to fill jobs that were predicted to grow by at least 22 percent between 2008 and 2018. The Bureau of Labor Statistics' projection for the growth of the nursing field continues to remain positive, as this statistic indicates. Nursing professionals who have specialized training as nurse practitioners will have a significant advantage in the job market, where there is likely to be a strong need for providers of primary care. Some schools now offer opportunities to gain this specialized training through online nurse practitioner and degree programs.
Drexel University: Online Master's Degree Courses
Drexel University offers numerous online nursing degree programs at both the undergraduate and graduate degree levels. Drexel's master's degree program prepares nursing students for careers as nurse practitioners in various areas of specialization. Some of these areas include psychiatric and mental health nursing, women's health, acute care and family nursing. Courses offered in these fields vary according to the specialization offered, but each of these degree programs requires core courses in health research methods, introductory biostatistics, evidence-based approaches in the practice of nursing, dealing with issues in the contemporary health care setting and decision-making ethics in the health care environment.
Drexel University
3141 Chestnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19104
215-895-2000
drexel.edu
University of Massachusetts: Post-Master's Courses
The University of Massachusetts also offers nurse practitioner courses online, but does so as part of its online post-master's certificate programs. The certificate programs are designed for students already holding the master's degree in the nursing field. Specializations are offered in the areas of gerontological nursing, family nurse practice and as an adult nurse practitioner. These programs require students to complete 21 credit hours in their field of specialization, which can be done in two to four semesters of study. Courses of study offered include areas such as Primary Care of the Adult, Primary Care of the Family, Mental Health Problems of the Urban Family and Primary Care of Older Adults.
University of Massachusetts
333 South St.
Shrewsbury, MA 01545
508-856-5203
umassonline.net
University of Cincinnati: Online Master's Degree Courses
The University of Cincinnati College of Nursing offers seven different master of science nurse practitioner programs online for registered nurses already holding the bachelor's degree. Areas covered by the program include adult nurse practitioner, women's health, clinical nursing, psychiatric and mental health nursing, family nurse practice, midwifery and nursing administration. The school offers various courses in fields such as Biostatistics for Evidence Based Practice, Pathophysiology for Advanced Nursing Practice, Scientific Basis for Clinical Reasoning, Pharmacology for Advanced Nursing Practice and Health Assessment for Advanced Nursing Practice.
It's a good idea to use several methods when testing bookkeeping applicants.
A test designed to measure someone's level of knowledge in bookkeeping should look at several methods within the same test. The test should clearly demonstrate that someone has the knowledge to perform bookkeeping assignments and tasks. Applicants should be required to use the information, during the test, the same way they would if they were performing the duties on the job. Some tests can have both written and verbal components.
Instructions
1. Determine how the test will be administered. Tests can be given in a couple of ways. It can be a written test or an online test. The method that allows the applicants to best demonstrate their knowledge and level of skill should be used.
2. Put together a key concept section. The first part of the bookkeeping test should require the job applicant to identify concepts that will be used day in and day out. This will ensure they have a basic understanding of accounting concepts. Some of the items that could be included are credits and debits, journal entries, balance sheet, income statement, cash flow, accounting period, depreciation expense and bad debt expense. This portion either can be multiple choice or true and false.
3. Design a test on financial statements. Present a list of concepts and ask if these items appear on the income statement, balance sheet or the owners equity statement. This will ensure they understand formulate the financial statements. This also will verify their ability to extract information from the statements so various journal entries can be recorded.
4. Put together a day of bookkeeping transactions. During the course of the day a bookkeeper will be responsible for certain transactions, including account payables and receivables and journal entries. The test could require the applicant to complete all of the necessary transactions for half of the day. It might take the entire day to complete the test when you factor in all the other sections of the test.
5. Use a story problem section. If you use story problems as part of your testing method, you really can get an understanding of an applicant's ability to perform bookkeeping duties and tasks. With a story problem you have to calculate, think and evaluate to come up with the right method or procedure for handling various transactions. A quarter of the test should include story problems.
6. Give a verbal test on other concepts, such as budget preparation, taxes, payroll, employee health insurance and payroll and check registers. This will ensure an applicant has the ability to properly communicate all of the key concepts required for the job.
Tags: journal entries, test should, This will, This will ensure, will ensure
Commissioned officers form the backbone of leadership in the U.S. Marine Corps. Although there are other routes to becoming an officer, including the U.S. Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), many applicants enter Officer Candidate School (OCS) through either the Platoon Leaders Class (PLC) for college students or the Officer Candidate Course (OCC) for college graduates. To attend OCS, applicants must meet some basic requirements.
Age
To attend OCS through both PLC and OCC, Marine officer candidates must be at least 18 and no older than 28. Qualified applicants older than 28 may receive a waiver to attend OCS after speaking with a recruiter and following necessary protocol. However, candidates entering the program to become Marine Corps aviators are not eligible for age waivers.
Education
All commissioned officers in the Marine Corps must have a bachelor's degree once they enter the service. For those attending OCS through the OCC program, applicants must already have their bachelor's degrees. Those applying through the PLC program must be enrolled in a two- or four-year university.
Other Requirements
Commissioned officers in the Marine Corpsmust have proof of U.S. citizenship. Applicants must also undergo a medical screening at a Military Entrance Processing Station and pass a background check. Applicants should have no criminal record and a minimal number of minor traffic convictions.
Special Requirements
Applicants entering the aviation or law fields must meet additional criteria.
Aviation candidates must take the Aviation Selection Test Battery standardized test and meet special eyesight requirements for pilots. Aviation applicants must have both near and distant vision of at least 20/40 uncorrected that is correctable to 20/20. Also, applicants must have myopia of less than -1.50 diopters, hyperopia of less than +3.00 diopters and an astigmatism less than -1.00 diopters.
Law candidates will complete OCS before graduating from law school and must, under both PLC and OCC, have a bachelor's degree before attending training. After OCS, applicants will attend law school and must pass the bar exam before continuing with their careers as officers. Law applicants must score at least 150 on the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT) to be considered.
Tags: Marine Corps, applicants must, must have, less than, less than diopters, than diopters
Many schools in the United States offer master's degrees in psychology as well as similar fields such as linguistics. These offerings consist of on-campus, online or distance learning programs, or a combination of all three options. What is helpful about the number of schools offering master's degrees in psychology is that all of these programs have different emphases, so you can choose what fits you best.
Princeton Review
The Princeton Review offers an online resource to search for master's degree programs in psychology, as well as a book published yearly that lists all graduate programs in the United States. You can search the online resource by program after creating an account. However, the book does not offer an index of degree programs, so you must read through it to find out what schools offer psychology programs.
GradSchools.com
You can use GradSchools.com or a similar site to look specifically for graduate psychology programs. On the website, you can enter the field of study you're interested in, as well as the location you want and whether you would like on-campus classes or online classes. The website will then bring up all programs in its database. You can create an account to save information, and to help you keep up with important dates such as application deadlines.
Graduate Study in Psychology
The American Psychological Association (APA) offers a publication called "Graduate Study in Psychology" that can be purchased on its website. This directory is updated yearly and offers admissions information on programs accredited by the APA. The publication is helpful because it tells you what the program's emphasis is so you know whether a degree from that graduate school would be beneficial to your career goals.
U.S. News and World Report
Every year, U.S. News and World Report magazine has an issue that features top colleges and universities. These schools are ranked in a number of categories, with psychology falling under the category of "Best Social Science and Humanities Schools." You have access to this ranking year-round on the magazine's website, and you can find out what are the top all-around psychology programs.
Your School's Career Center
If you are working on your bachelor's degree, you can also use your school's career center to look for graduate psychology programs. You can speak to career counselors about their recommendations for psychology courses, or use the library, which should offer books such as the Princeton Review's compilation for you to search through. Even if you have already graduated, you might be allowed access to your school's career center.
Tags: psychology programs, Princeton Review, your school career, career center, degree programs, degrees psychology, find what
Nutrition is one of the areas nursing students are tested on during the HESI exit exam. To be better prepared to answer these questions, the nursing students not only needs to learn about the importance of nutrition, what may affect it, and what it is but also apply of this knowledge on the HESI exit exam.
Instructions
1. Read up on the different types of vegetarians there are. Take note of the potential nutritional deficiences of each one and the way in which it can be solved.
2. Study the different types of gastrointestinal diseases a person could have and the prescribed diet for each disease.
3. Make a study guide of the different food items that correspond to a particular diet. For example, oatmeal can be served to a patient on a high fiber diet while pasta would be good for a patient on a low residue diet.
4. Be aware of when a patient should not eat anything due to a gastrointestinal disorder or surgical procedure.
5. Read up on total parenteral nutrition. Know when it should be used, its associated complications and deal with any such complication if they come up.
6. Be aware of insert feeding tubes and provide nutrition through feeding tubes. Know what precautions need to be taken before giving feedings like checking tube placement and listening for bowel sounds.
Tags: different types, exit exam, feeding tubes, HESI exit, nursing students
A teacher assistant may refer to a public school primary or a secondary position in which you aid the classroom teacher. A teacher assistant may also refer to a graduate teaching assistant position in which you assist a post-secondary faculty member at a university or college. Working as a teacher assistant can be a rewarding career in itself or provide those thinking about going into the teaching field with valuable insights and experience to assist them in making a decision about becoming a teacher or professor.
Characteristics
Whether working with primary, secondary or post-secondary teachers and faculty, several characteristics help to ensure success. Successful teacher assistants have an interest in students and teaching. Additionally, they should exhibit good communication skills, creativity, cooperation and an ability to motivate students. Job outlooks for all types of positions remain excellent as enrollment growth and staffing shortages are expected to continue.
Primary/Secondary
Teacher assistants at the primary and secondary levels work both directly with students and in support of the teacher. Teacher assistants often work with students to tutor or reinforce lessons, particularly with students not on grade level. They may also be in a position to provide clerical or assistance in the form of preparing materials, entering data, stocking supplies or making copies. Teacher assistants also often work with students with disabilities, seeing to their physical, emotional and educational extra needs. The requirements of a teacher assistant at this level vary from just a high school diploma to at least an associate's degree.
Required Duties
The position of teacher assistant in elementary and secondary schools often requires a great deal of patience, empathy and energy. Many times teacher assistants' duties include calming or refocusing a student having difficulty so that the teacher may continue with the rest of the class. Additionally, the role of teacher assistant may often take the teaching assistant outdoors, since often the assistant travels with the students to assist in other areas. He may also be required to participate in duty stations outdoors. The physical requirements of the position vary with the age of the students and the role of the assistant. Generally, younger children may require a greater physical role due to their young age and ability levels.
Graduate Assistant
Another type of teacher assistant, the graduate teacher assistant, assists faculty at colleges and universities while working on her own graduate degree, having already completed a four-year degree. She may work directly with students in an instructing position or may assist the faculty member, a professor or instructor by providing support in the form of grading, monitoring or tutoring undergraduate students. Some professors hand the entire responsibility for a lower-level course over to the teacher assistant, who then does all the preparation, lectures and grading herself.
Required Knowledge
Like college professors, graduate teacher assistants may have more flexibility in their schedules than elementary or secondary teacher assistants. However, graduate teacher assistants require a great deal of commitment, motivation and organization since they work on their own graduate degrees, as well. Graduate teacher assistants should also have analytical skills, in-depth knowledge in the course they teach or assist in and the ability to handle a great deal of stress. The knowledge gained in this position provides invaluable experience to graduate teachers intending to gain college faculty positions themselves.
Tags: teacher assistant, with students, great deal, assistants have, directly with
Sample character reference letter composition can be quite an art. A sample character reference letter that is properly written can benefit someone you admire.
Instructions
1. Character relationship. First indicate in your letter the capacity in which you know the individual you are providing a sample reference.
2. Length of character relationship. Next provide a specific time line as to your relationship for sample reference.
3. Professional character traits. Now reference any special knowledge, skill sets, or noticeable abilities they have displayed in your sample letter.
4. Personal character traits. Next indicate how you view them personally and make reference to specific sample traits you admire about them and why.
5. Character testimonial reference. Give specific accounts of accomplishments displaying their character including any charitable deeds or awards in your sample letter.
6. Contact information. Last provide a statement in your sample letter indicating you are happy to answer additional character questions for reference and give number and email to contact.
Tags: your sample letter, sample letter, your sample, character reference, character reference letter
Establishing in-state residency could save students thousands of dollars in tuition at that state's public university.
Choosing a state-subsidized public college or university over a private one can save you thousands of dollars if you're a resident of that state. Since states have different residency requirements, you should check with your college's financial aid office to determine if you're eligible for in-state tuition rates. Most states require that the student, or the student's parents or parent if the student is a dependent, establish domicile in that state, provide proof of domicile and meet certain domicile length requirements.
Establishing Domicile
To pay in-state tuition, you must establish domicile in the state, whether you're dependent or independent of parental financial support. Most states define a domicile as a person's permanent residence where that person intends to live for a certain period of time. According to FinAid's website, certain actions that can show your "intent" to establish domicile in a state include: registering to vote in that state, obtaining a driver's license in that state, paying taxes to that state's government and filing a declaration of domicile form with the county clerk.
Providing Proof of Domicile
Check with your school's financial aid office to find out if you or your parents are required to provide proof of residency to receive in-state tuition rates. According to FinAid, it's best to provide the college with at least two government-issued documents that show residency. Examples can include: a declaration of domicile form, tax forms with an in-state address and a voter or vehicle registration card registered to an in-state address. If you have documents with addresses from two different states, don't try to use them to establish residency in both states. According to the College Board's "Guide to In-State Tuition," you could lose your newly acquired resident status.
Meeting Length Restrictions
Check your state's length-of-residency requirements for students or their parents. Most states require that you or a parent must have established residency at least one year before the date classes begin to receive in-state tuition, according to the College Board's "Guide to In-state Tuition." Note that, in most states, your residency must have been for a purpose other than attending a state college or university. This prevents students for applying for in-state tuition after their first year of college.
Tags: that state, in-state tuition, establish domicile, Most states, According FinAid, Board Guide
Flexnet courses are completed primarily through the Internet, making them convenient for students.
Flexnet courses are a flexible course design. Students can log in and complete coursework at their own pace online. There is only one deadline and that is when the class ends. All coursework must be completed by that time. Some schools, such as the University of Phoenix, have a required on-campus portion to the course, but this only means one day is spent on campus. Instructors use many evaluation or assessment methods to test students in a Flexnet course that are similar to assessment methods for on-campus courses.
Timed Test
Timed tests can be administered online through the learning management system (LMS) software the college uses for the Flexnet course. Since Flexnet courses do not have assignment deadlines, students can take the test when ready, but the test has a time limit. Once the student begins the test, he has a limited time to complete it. Timed tests typically include multiple choice questions, true/false questions, short answer and matching questions. Since Flexnet courses are online and use an LMS, administering tests online reduces an instructor's time spent grading tests since the LMS does it for each student automatically.
Essays
Essays can be assigned on a topic that is pertinent to the subject of the course. For example, an English Flexnet course can assign an essay on a piece of literature. Essays require research, critical thinking and effective writing skills. Essays allow instructors to evaluate the student's skill level and mastery of the subject. Students submit essays to the instructor via email or through a drop box created in the course LMS.
Quizzes
Quizzes are shorter than tests and typically test knowledge as students complete portions of the course. Quizzes not only allow the instructor to evaluate students' learning, but also allow students to use it to self-assess how well they have learned the material. This is useful because a low grade can indicate to a student a need to revisit that chapter or topic so she can be better prepared for the test. Quizzes are timed and are automatically graded by the LMS, which reduces work for the instructor.
Projects
Projects can be any number of tasks that the instructor feels helps the student's learning. For example, a history Flexnet course may assign a project that requires students to visit the local history museum and interview a historian. Projects require students to think outside of the box, analyze information, collaborate with others and present information in an organized manner. Projects for a Flexnet course are typically compiled into a written report that is submitted to the professor. Some schools that require an on-campus component of the course require students to present the project during one of the campus class meetings.
Plants need the trace element molybdenum. It is essential to the enzyme nitrogenase as a catalyst in the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia. As such, most fertilizers contain molybdate. Without molybdenum in the soil, plant life cannot grow. Molybdenum is one of the basic atomic elements with an atomic number of 42. It is a metallic, silver-white element in appearance--and not gray. The familiar blue-gray mineral associated with molybdenum is molybdenite.
Molybdenum
Although the element molybdenum is chemically stable, it will react with acids. What makes molybdenum interesting is its high melting point--4,730 degrees F--which is 2,000 degrees hotter than steel's melting point. It is also 1,000 degrees higher than the melting point of most rocks. Though molybdenum is a "heavy metal," its properties differ from typical heavy metals, such as mercury, thallium and lead. Primarily, it is much less toxic, making its use more attractive.
Molybdenum got its name from molybdenite, which in turn had its name derived from the Greek "molybdos" which means "lead." The misunderstanding began in 1778 when Carl William Scheele was studying molybdenite, thinking he was studying lead. After naming the mineral and deciding it was not lead after all, he later hypothesized the mineral contained some other, yet unknown element--which he named "molybdenum." Then, in 1781, Peter Hjelm discovered the element Scheele had proposed.
Mineral Source
The major source of Molybdenum comes from the mineral Molybdenite (MoS2)--molybdenum sulfide. The mineral is in the hexagonal system; its crystalline structure forms in tabular crystals in a 6-sided shape. Rarely is the mineral found in crystal form. More often, it is seen as finely interwoven masses or bladed, foliated (layered) ones. Molybdenite is soft, having a hardness of 1 to 1.5 on the Mohs' hardness scale. For comparison, a diamond is a 10. Molybdenite is heavy with perfect cleavage and flexible plates. The mineral has a greasy feel and is opaque with metallic luster. It is infusible and difficult to dissolve.
Environment
Molybdenite forms in pegmatities and high-temperature pneumatolytic veins of igneous rocks. It is often found in cavities or quartz veins in granitic or dioritic rocks and can occur in contact metamorphic deposits associated with limestones--scheelite skarns.
Mining Locations
Granite containing molybdenum can be found in Colorado and New Jersey. The United States, China and Chile are the leading producers of molybdenum. Other producers are Canada, Mexico, Australia, Italy, Norway, Russia, Peru, Mongolia and Bolivia. An estimated 12 million metric tons of molybdenum exist. As such, because molybdenum is plentiful, affordable and effective, alternative minerals (such as boron, chromium, vanadium and columbium) are not used.
Uses
Primarily, molybdenum is used as an alloy to strengthen steel and make it more resistant to heat. Iron and steel industries consume more than 75 percent of produced molybdenum. The alloys created are used in everything from light bulb filaments to rifle barrels. Of molybdenum's various uses, stainless steel and alloy steel account for about 60 percent of its use in the United States.
Stainless steel alloys are corrosive resistant. Stainless steel is used in water distribution systems, chemical processing equipment and food-handling equipment. It is found in use in hospitals, homes and laboratories. Steel alloys refer to the tougher grade of steel required for construction equipment, automobile parts, gas transmission pipes, etc. Other uses for the alloy include making bearings, dies, machining components, etc.
Beyond its ability to strengthen steel, molybdenum is important to the chemical and lubricant industries. The mineral (molybdenite) can be used as a dry lubricant and is valued because it is resistant to high temperatures. Molybdenum has many uses including paint pigments (as it promotes stability in color), catalysts in chemical applications (including the petroleum and plastics industries), cast irons, smoke and flame retardants and corrosion inhibitors (including use in water-based hydraulic systems and in automobile engine anti-freeze).
Tags: associated with, element molybdenum, melting point, strengthen steel, United States
Choosing a topic to research in depth is typically very important in graduate programs.
Choosing a topic for research within your graduate degree is an important step toward reaching your goal. Your research will help you broaden your experience within your field of study and may even help advance the field itself. When choosing a topic for your graduate degree, it is very important that you choose something you are very interested in and will hold your focus, instead of something that seems popular or simple.
Instructions
1. Read over all requirements for your thesis or dissertation paper. What does your department require of you? How much research is expected and what is the time table? Be sure you are fully clear on this matter before proceeding.
2. Think about what interests you most in your field. If it is difficult to figure it out on your own, try making notes on what you have enjoyed the most during your studies.
3. Make questions out of your notes. For example, if you are very interested in the role of women during World War II, you can write "How did women influence the outcome of World War II?". If you are not absolutely sure of your topic, write down several questions.
4. Read about similar topics that have been done. Depending on your area and level of study, some schools may require totally original projects while others may simply just want your take on the issue. Find out what studies have been done on your questions, how available the research is to you and how easy or difficult it will be arrange more research.
5. Talk to your advisor. Discuss with her how feasible this project is and whether or not a faculty member will be able to help you. Your advisor will be your most trusted research assistant as you figure out your topic and she can help you discover whether or not it is a viable topic to explore within the field, how it will help you with your future endeavors and whether or not it is a necessary topic within the field.
Tags: been done, Choosing topic research, figure your, graduate degree, have been
A judge is perhaps the most highly respected person in the justice system. As the gatekeepers of justice, judges ensure that the legal process is conducted properly and fairly. Consequently, the requirements for judges can be quite steep. Keep in mind, however, that many of the requirements are informal. It may just come down to how strongly the deciding body, be it the government or the electorate, believes you will be effective.
Education
At a minimum, potential judges should have a bachelor's degree. A J.D. degree is realistically the necessary degree to become a judge, and an advanced degree, such as an L.L.M. or Ph.D., will only help your chances.
Professional Reputation
Potential judges should cultivate a professional reputation for outstanding legal reasoning and insight. It also helps to become well known in the legal and political communities.
Political Support
Judges are well known and supported by the political community. Since a judgeship is an inherently political position, having support prior to your bid is essential.
Application
Most jurisdictions require judges to fill out lengthy applications for vacancies. The application will include completion of a full work and education history. A criminal background check will be conducted on all major candidates.
Appointment or Election
In some jurisdictions, judges are appointed by the governor and approved by the state Senate. Other jurisdictions require judges to be elected by popular vote, and therefore potential judges should be comfortable with the electoral process and campaigning.
Tags: judges should, jurisdictions require, jurisdictions require judges, require judges, well known
Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a standardized test used by most graduate business schools for admission. The test is broken into three sections: analytical writing assessment, a quantitative section and a verbal section. GMAT scores range from 200-800, with different schools requiring different scores for their admission.
Analytical Writing Assessment
Analytical writing consists of two 30-minute sections of the test. These sections measure "your ability to explore the complexities of an issue or opinion and, if appropriate, to take a position that is informed by your understanding," according to GMAT officials. These sections will ask you to analyze an issue and write your view of the subject. Although there is no correct answer, the test looks to see your reasoning and examples drawn to support your argument. The scoring for each of these sections is 0-6, given in half-point increments.
Quantitative Section
The Quantitative section is a multiple-choice mathematics section. The section involves arithmetic, basic algebra and basic geometry. The section is composed of problem-solving and data-sufficiency questions. The problem-solving questions test math skills and concepts as well as qualitative and quantitative reasoning. Data-sufficiency questions test recognizing relevant information and determining when sufficient information is obtained to solve a problem. Scores range from 0-60 in this section.
Verbal Section
The verbal section of the test is a multiple-choice section that is to be 350 words in length. The material's topics include social sciences, physical or biological sciences and business-related areas. This section includes critical reading questions that measure: understanding words and statements in reading passages, understanding the logical relationships between significant points and concepts in the reading passages, drawing inferences from facts and statements in the reading passages and understanding and following the development of quantitative concepts as they are presented in verbal material. There are also critical reading questions to measure: argument construction, argument evaluation and argument evaluation. Lastly, this section also has a sentence-correction section to measure: finding the correct expression and finding the most effective expression. Scores range from 0-60 in this section.
Overall Score
Scores for the GMAT range from 200-800 based on a scaled score reflecting an overall performance on the multiple-choice exam. Two-thirds of the test-takers will get between 400-600 (Note that this is not a summation of the scores from the individual sections). The individual sections are also given a numerical score of their own. In the verbal section, scores above 44 are rare; also rare are scores above 50 for the quantitative section. Note that for the AWA section 4.5 is the average score. Good scores depend on the school to which you are applying. For example, Stanford looks for scores around 713, while Georgetown looks for scores in the 678 range. Generally, scores above 650 are good while scores above 700 are considered exceptional.
Tags: range from, scores above, reading passages, this section, verbal section
Whether you're taking a calculus course or simply want to review the knowledge you've forgotten over the years, there are many books and websites that can help you learn calculus at home. Before you start learning calculus, make sure you've got a firm grasp of algebra and pre-calculus since many of the concepts taught in calculus rely on this prior knowledge.
Instructions
1. Purchase a calculus textbook such as "Single Variable Calculus" by James Stewart. Read through each chapter and copy important theorems and formulas such as the Chain Rule, the Squeeze Theorem, and Simpson's Rule. Complete each practice problem and compare your answer with the one provided in the book.
2. Supplement your learning by watching free online calculus lectures. Visit the University of Houston's Video Calculus page (see Resources). The Video Calculus page contains dozens of free university lectures on calculus concepts such as calculating limits and finding derivatives. To watch the video lectures, you will need Apple's QuickTime video player, available for free on the Video Calculus website.
3. Get help with calculus concepts you don't understand at the Karl's Calculus Tutor website. Work out the sample problems and see how they are solved step-by-step. The site also provides explanations for calculus concepts and a forum where students can ask questions.
4. Test your knowledge by taking an exam. The University of California Davis has a math page that contains final exams that were actually given by professors at the University. Click on any of the exams that say "Calculus" or "Brief Calculus."
Tags: calculus concepts, Video Calculus, Calculus page, exams that, Video Calculus page
Mathematicians tend to be one of two types, applied or theoretical. Applied mathematicians try to solve specific real- world problems and may be physicists or engineers, working in areas ranging from defense to finance. Theoretical mathematicians study math for its own sake and work almost exclusively in universities. The following steps will help you prepare to become a mathematician.
Instructions
1. Begin preparing in high school by taking as many advanced math courses as you can. Get a tutor if needed. It is vital that you reach the pre-calculus level before beginning college if you plan to graduate in four years.
2. Make sure your college offers at least an undergraduate degree in mathematics. An advanced degree is essential, so if your college does not offer an advanced degree in mathematics you should have a short list of graduate schools in mind. An early conversation with your academic advisor will help ensure you don't lose credits when you transfer.
3. Plan your curriculum early. A typical program requires 12 courses. Draw a tree of the required courses to reflect their prerequisites. You may need more than one opportunity to take some courses.
4. Earn a B average in your math courses. Most graduate programs require a B average in your major, and you will need to maintain that average even after you are accepted. You may be able to get by with a bachelor of science degree for applied mathematics, but a career in theoretical mathematics will require a doctorate.
Tags: advanced degree, average your, degree mathematics, math courses, will help, your college
Facing problems at a public school can be difficult if you do not know who to contact to get things resolved in a timely manner. There are avenues that anyone can utilize to be heard and treated fairly as set in place by our government to assist us when difficult times arise and we feel a need to file a formal complaint. Follow these steps to complete this process.
Instructions
1. Contact the public school administration office for information regarding the school district policy for filing a complaint. Be sure to do this as soon as possible after the incident occurs if it was a discriminatory act as you will be facing Office of Civil Rights deadlines which are normally six months from the date the incident happened.
2. Follow the public schools rules for filing a complaint and go through their process first on your local level before going to a state or national agency for help. The local school will most likely desire to straighten out the problem before it escalates to a higher level.
3. Be sure to make notes of how your complaint was handled, especially if you are not pleased with the end results. Solid, detailed notes will help you should you need to move your complaint up a level to a state or national office.
4. Compose a letter to the Office for Civil Rights or fill out the complaint form provided after you contact them this office if this was a discriminatory incident. Write your personal contact information in the letter so someone will be able to reach you for additional information.
5. Write an overall description of events and the people involved in the incident on all sides. No names are required. Write down exactly where the incident took place including the mailing address.
6. Put in detail the alleged discriminatory act so that it can be easily understood by the Office for Civil Rights. You want them to know exactly what happened and your basis for the allegation.
Tags: Civil Rights, Office Civil, Office Civil Rights, filing complaint, public school
A refutation paper is also referred to as an argument paper. In other words, it's an opportunity for you to present your argument and refute your critics. When writing a refutation paper, it's important to research not only your side of the issue well but also that of your critics. In order to thoroughly refute their arguments, you must fully understand their point of view. A well laid-out refutation paper walks the reader through the history of the topic, your position on it, your opponent's position, and your refutation of your opponent's position.
Instructions
1. Write an outline of the argument so that readers fully understand the context that the argument takes place in. Include any pieces of information that clarify the topic, such as definitions of unfamiliar terms. Give the history of the topic and mention any key decision makers in the process. For example, "The school board in March of 2010 voted to end the music program. Both the superintendent and two board members pointed to the poor performance of the music teacher as their reason for ending the program. The absence of two members of the board meant the motion passed."
2. Explain your position and support it with any evidence you have available. For example, "I believe the vote in March of 2010 violated the bylaws of the school district which states that all school board members must be present to vote on issues of eminent concern to the district as a whole. Each of the principals from the elementary, middle, and high school have gone on record saying they believe this was an issue of eminent concern to the district."
3. State any counter-arguments that you will need to refute in your argument. For example, "School board members present for voting have pointed out that the missing school board members knew there was an important vote taking place in the March 2010 meeting. Furthermore, the superintendent argues that he sent out a note asking all members to be present at the meeting."
4. Refute the counter-arguments with facts and evidence. For example, "The absent school members have all provided written statements attesting to the fact that they were required to be in two places at once and had made this known to the superintendent and the other school board members prior to the meeting. The superintendent was unwilling to change the meeting date and time, despite the obvious conflict which wouldn't allow the other school board members to be present for such an important meeting."
5. Check your paper to be sure that all the details are correct and that you've followed the correct order in presenting your argument. Ensure that you've fully presented all sides of the argument and that you've thoroughly supported your stance with evidence and facts. Finally, do a spell and grammar check on the document, ensuring it's error free.
Tags: board members, school board, March 2010, members present, refutation paper
Teachers can provide students with a leadership role model.
Leadership is the ability to inspire others to follow your lead or advice. Leadership skills include character traits and abilities such as self-confidence, self-motivation, determination, character strength, good communication skills and problem-solving abilities. Students who develop leadership ability possess qualities that will help them succeed throughout their lives. Teachers can model good leadership qualities and teach leadership skills through a variety of activities.
Team Building
Utilize small groups to work on complex assignments and encourage the students to rotate group leadership. Provide the groups with a list of roles such as reporter, illustrator, researcher and organizer. Encourage students to work cooperatively with an emphasis on the success of the group. This rotation allows all students to have a chance to lead through a cooperative leadership style.
Leadership Styles
Explore different types of leadership styles, including cooperative, task-oriented, autocratic, charismatic, relational, servant, bureaucratic, laissez-faire, transactional and transformative by defining each style and how the leader operates. Ask each student which style best fits her and which style she prefers to work under. Each style has its place and advantage. Allow students to discuss which leadership style is appropriate under certain circumstances.
Leadership Qualities
Brainstorm the kinds of qualities that make a good leader. Have each student choose someone who exemplifies leadership to him and identify the qualities that person possesses and compare it to the brainstormed list. Next, ask each student to identify qualities he has that make him leadership material. Have students trade lists and let the other point out qualities that the list originator may have missed. Encourage students to affirm leadership potential in their fellow students.
Communication Skills
Leaders need to listen to others and appreciated what others have to offer. Employ a talking stick in small to medium groups and teach students not to interrupt the classmate with the stick. Explore questioning techniques that help clarify the suggestions and concerns of other group members. Encourage students to speak up so that the entire group can hear and to address the group in ways that respect everyone.
Role Models
Ask school or community leaders to come in and speak to the class. Have each presenter explain what skills she finds helpful in leading her organization. Explore opportunities to have leaders serve as mentors to students. Have students that participate in the mentoring program track the experience in a journal and provide progress reports biweekly.
Community Service
Have students recommend community service projects that the class or school could do. Students might plant a community garden or collect canned goods for the hungry, for example. Students can talk to leaders and gain support for the project. Allow students to choose one project and plan steps for implementation. This will help students develop leaders skills by leading through core values and inspiring others to join the project and benefit the community.
Tags: qualities that, each student, Encourage students, Have students, Allow students
Before beginning an online law program with a foreign institution, make sure it will be recognized locally.
Distance learning law programs exist around the world for students who wish to obtain a bachelor of laws (LLB) degree, a certificate in law or a diploma in law. Options for doctoral degrees also exist, depending on the institution. Students who do not reside or plan to reside in the country where the degree is issued should make sure that the degree will be recognized by their local law associations and agencies.
University of London
Previously called the University of London External System, the university has changed its name to University of London International Programmes. The University of London's distance learning program was established in 1858 as a correspondence school for students outside of Britain. It currently offers a bachelor of laws and diploma in law. Students who already hold an undergraduate degree can complete the LLB in two years. The diploma of law can be used to satisfy the first four courses of the LLB degree and give students entry into the LLB program.
The Information Centre
University of London
Stewart House
32 Russell Square
London
WC1B 5DN
+44 (0) 20 7862 8360
londoninternational.ac.uk
University of South Africa
The University of South Africa (UNISA) is South Africa's oldest university and its first institute of distance learning. UNISA's School of Law is the biggest in Africa with over 30,000 students. Over nine departments, the university offers an undergraduate LLB degree and three postgraduate degrees. UNISA also offers over 20 certificate programs in law, including Women and the Law, Street Law and Copyright Law. Because the program is so large, each department, degree and certificate program has different admissions requirements and course structures.
P.O. Box 392
UNISA
0003
+27 11 670-9000
unisa.ac.za
Open University
The Open University is a British institution established in the 1960s and consisting completely of online programs. OU's Centre for Law offers an LLB degree that is recognized as a qualifying law degree by the Law Society and Bar Standards Board, which means that students satisfy the first stage of the three required stages of training in England and Wales. From there, students move on to the Vocational and Professional stages. Students wishing to study law at OU should be aware that its LLB is not recognized as a qualifying law degree outside of England and Wales.
Open University
P.O. Box 197
Milton Keynes
MK7 6BJ
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 845 300 60 90
open.ac.uk
University of Liverpool
England's University of Liverpool offers distance learning programs in conjunction with Laureate Online Education. At its law school, students can pursue a degree in international business law, international finance and banking law or technology and intellectual property law. All three degrees follow a similar course structure. Six core modules and two electives must be completed, followed by a dissertation. Except for the first module, which runs for nine weeks, all courses last for eight weeks and are taken one at a time.
Laureate Online Education B.V.
De Entree 59-67
1101 BH Amsterdam Z.O.
The Netherlands
877-256-1937
uol.ohecampus.com
Tags: University London, distance learning, South Africa, bachelor laws, degree certificate
Second City in Chicago is a comedy club and a school of acting, writing, directing and improvisation that was founded in 1959. Prominent former students include Tina Fey, Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell. Second City is not an accredited institution, so classes are not eligible for college credit. Auditions are not required for most classes, and you can enroll in the beginning improvisation program without prior acting experience. Classes are available for youths aged 4 to 18; and for adults aged 19 and up.
Instructions
1. Go to the Second City Chicago Training Center website.
2. Click on "Courses" to bring up a list of classes offered at Second City's Chicago Training Center. Browse the course listings until you find one you are interested in taking, such as Improvisation, Slapstick Comedy, On-Camera Workshop or Comedy Writing. Click on the individual course links for details about enrollment, the schedule and fees.
3. Click on "Current/Returning Students" under "Training Center Registration." The online registration page will open. Click on "Create a New Account," and then enter your personal information.
4. Log in with your new account information, and click on a course to register. Finish your enrollment and pay the course fee online. You can also call the Second City Chicago Training Center at (312) 664-3949 to register over the phone, or go to the Center in person.
Tags: Second City, City Chicago, Second City Chicago, Training Center, Chicago Training, Chicago Training Center, City Chicago Training
Grades act as the carrots and sticks of our education system. Establishing a fair grading scale is very important. However, considerable controversy exists over the issue of fairness. Studies have shown that grade inflation continues to rise in this country, as it has since 1960. Some instructors hold to the idea of the bell curve (assigning as many Fs as As, as many Ds as Bs, with most people in the middle with Cs). Other instructors (and many students) consider that unfair or contrary to the notion of individual improvement. Curving a grading scale has its problems, but some instructors prefer it.
Instructions
1. Write down a basic grading percentile scale of: 90-100 is an A; 80-89 is a B; 70-79 is a C; 60-69 is a D; and 59 or below is an F.
2. Calculate 10 percent of the total points on the test. If there are 80 potential points possible, figure out 10 percent of 80, which is eight.
3. Place a point scale next to your percentile/grade scale. In this case, where 10 percent of 80 is eight, then 72 to 80 points on the test is an A; 64 to 71 points is a B, and so forth, subtracting eight points down the scale.
4. Decide if you want to curve the test according to the highest score a student received rather than total possible points. If your best student received a 71 on the test, and you think it unfair to give only him an A, then you can curve the grading scale.
5. Curve it by making the highest student score the new base number. 71 now becomes the 100 percent (not 80). So, you subtract 7.1 points for the As. If you round that to a seven, any student receiving 64 to 71 points gets an A, and so on, subtracting seven points down the scale.
Tags: grading scale, down scale, points down, points down scale, points test, student received
The U.S. Bureau of Labor statistics estimates a 17 percent increase in the demand for detectives and criminal investigators in the United States from 2008 through 2018. While each police force has its own employment requirements for professionals in the field, a degree in criminology can help prospective and current police officers attain positions in investigation units. A small number of colleges in the United States offer online criminology programs, allowing students the flexibility of earning a degree without having to regularly attend classes on a campus.
Portland State University
A public institution based in Portland, Oregon, Portland State University opened in 1946. The college offers an entirely online bachelor's degree program in criminology and criminal justice. All students in the program complete coursework in policing, punishment and corrections, community health, drug education, the court systems, crime analysis and theory, crime control, criminal law and reasoning, and research methods. An internship is mandatory for all majors and is typically completed with a law enforcement agency or organization located near the student's home. Those enrolled can also elect to take classes in juvenile crime, rehabilitation, crime mapping and white collar crimes. In addition to the baccalaureate program, the college offers certificates in advanced crime analysis, the American justice system and criminal behavior. Students can complete the certificates while earning the online criminal justice degree or another online or classroom-based degree from the college. A post-graduate certificate in criminology and criminal justice is available for students who have previously earned a bachelor's degree in a field other than criminal justice and wish to receive post-secondary training in criminology.
Portland State University
P.O. Box 751
Portland, OR 97207
503-725-3511
pdx.edu
University of Cincinnati
In 2010, the public, Ohio-based University of Cincinnati received the third-place ranking among all criminal justice programs in the United States from "U.S. News and World Report." The college offers a Master of Science in criminal justice, which requires students to have a baccalaureate degree in any major from an accredited post-secondary school to receive admissions consideration. Students have the opportunity to complete the program with one year of accelerated, full-time online study or with two years of part-time study. Among the courses required for the program are law and social control, theories of corrections and law enforcement, criminal justice management, juvenile justice, policy analysis, and research methods and statistics. All students must complete a culminating research project prior to graduation.
University of Cincinnati
P.O. Box 210063
Cincinnati, OH 45221
513-556-1100
uc.edu
Florida State University
A public institution located in Tallahassee, Florida State University was established in 1851. The college's online master's degree program in criminal justice and criminology requires students to have a bachelor's degree in any field. In addition to online classes, the program incorporates video and DVD-based courses. The program takes from one to two years to complete, depending on the number of courses students choose to take each semester. Required classes include criminological theories, computer applications in criminal justice, research methods and criminology applied statistics. The majority of credits for the program consist of elective courses, allowing students to tailor their course of study to meet their career goals and interests. Among the electives are race and ethnicity, prevention and treatment of crime, criminal justice administration, victimology and forensic science. Students have the option to complete an independent thesis paper or research project, if they wish, as a part of their electives.
Florida State University
A2500 University Center
Tallahassee, FL 32306
850-644-6200
fsu.edu
Tags: criminal justice, State University, bachelor degree, college offers, Florida State
Becoming a doctor is a matter of being able to solve problems and quickly recall facts, having people skills that enable you to take a strong leadership position in medical situations and having the energy to study for years and work long, demanding hours during and after medical school. While these are high-level attributes, they can be learned over time, provided you make the decision to become a doctor during or before your undergraduate education.
Instructions
1. Study hard sciences like chemistry, biology and physics. Specialize in these subjects in high school and major in one of them at the university, as medical degrees require a thorough knowledge of sciences. Since medical degrees are competitive, aim for a 4.0 GPA, although 3.5 to 3.7 should be acceptable, provided you can show competence in other areas. Medical schools tend to require students have backgrounds in science classes with lab work, such as 1000-3000-level chemistry, biology and physics, and behavioral science requirements, such as psychology and neuroscience.
2. Major in one of the hard sciences in your undergraduate degree and make sure you have a high grade point average (GPA) by studying hard and making sure all of your internal work (such as lab reports) are high caliber. There are always more applicants for medical school than there are available spots, so make yourself exceptional by doing well. Between the years of 2007 and 2009, 38 percent of white applicants with a GPA between and 3.4 and 3.6 were admitted, while only 9 percent of white applicants with GPAs between 3.0 and 3.2 were admitted.
3. Study for and take the MCAT exam. This is a standardized test available through your undergraduate institution's careers office. The test is divided into four sections: physical sciences, biological sciences, verbal reasoning and a writing sample. This is because doctors need to have both a firm knowledge of science and the ability to express this knowledge.
4. Engage in extracurricular activities that will bolster your application. These don't necessarily have to be medical in nature, but they should show your leadership, initiative and people skills. For example, if you were editor of your undergraduate newspaper, that shows your ability to communicate with and manage people.
5. Apply to a medical school through the American Medical College Application Service. This is a service that makes the process more efficient by distributing applications to schools for you. Some people apply during their junior year, while others apply after a few years out of undergraduate school.
6. Interview with faculty from the school you are applying to if you are invited. This is generally towards the end of the application process.
7. Attend medical school with the same drive and enthusiasm that you did as an undergrad. After three years, you'll graduate with your doctor's degree, although you will still have between two and seven years of internships and residencies before your career really starts.
Tags: medical school, your undergraduate, applicants with, before your, between were
In order to earn Master's of Social Work (MSW) degree, you will need to meet admissions requirements designed to measure how well your experiences, previous education, work history and career plans fit with a particular program's goals, and also to assess whether you are academically prepared to complete the course of study. If you are admitted, you will also need to complete degree requirements that will include both coursework and field placements. You may need to complete other non-course milestones, such as a thesis or comprehensive examination.
Admissions Requirements
The requirements for admission to an MSW program vary from institution to institution, but you can assume that there will be some common elements. Check the individual requirements at all of the schools to which you are applying and make sure that you meet their requirements.
For example, in the U.S., you will need a Bachelor's degree from an accredited institution in order to apply for any graduate program. It may or may not matter what your major was, but something from in liberal arts (humanities, social sciences, especially fields such as psychology and sociology) may be a better fit than some types of professional majors (business administration, for example). This does NOT mean you cannot apply if your undergraduate degree is in something else, but you may need to explain your change of interest. You may also be asked to take specific classes either before admission, or in addition to your program classes (e.g. statistics, U.S. government).
Most MSW programs will also have a minimum undergraduate grade point average requirement. The specific minimum will vary from school to school, but minimums in the 2.75 to 3.5 range (on a four-point GPA scale) are typical.
Admissions Materials
You will be asked to submit official transcripts of all your previous academic work, to have three or four reference letters and to write a personal statement explaining your interest in social work, your previous academic, professional, and volunteer experience and your career plans.
When you write your personal statement, explain how your previous experiences in school, at work and as a volunteer are relevant to the goals of social work education, as well as how your career plans fit with what you will learn in an MSW program. If possible, ask the people who are writing your letters of reference to address these questions as well.
Depending on the program, you may need to complete an exam or skills assessment. Most MSW programs do not require the GRE. International applicants will need to provide additional information about their financial status and how well they are able to speak and write in English.
Degree Requirements Overview
In order to finish an MSW degree, you will need to complete classroom coursework and also field or practical work, both of which will be counted in hours. These requirements usually take about two years to complete if you are studying full-time and make good progress. You may be permitted to transfer some hours of relevant coursework from another institution.
You may also need to complete one or more non-course milestones, such as comprehensive examinations or a master's thesis, though these requirements vary from school to school, and some, like the thesis, may be optional.
Coursework
Your coursework will probably consist of both core courses, which everyone in your MSW program is required to take and teach you the fundamentals of the field, and courses relating to your concentration or field of interest within social work. You will choose a field that matches your professional interests and career plans. Examples of fields include child and family, clinical practice and school social work. Different universities may offer different types of specialization.
Fieldwork
You will also complete a set number of hours in field placements. Field placements are a crucial part of the education you will receive in an MSW program. In a field placement, you will actually work in a social service agency, community organization, clinical practice, school or other work environment that is relevant to your course of study. In these settings, you will learn the practical skills that you will need in your career after finishing school. There will be people to help you find job placements that are a good fit for you, and there will be someone at your field who will supervise and assess your work.
Capstones
Finally, you may need to complete a capstone project, such as a thesis or comprehensive examination. These capstone experiences, when they are required, are meant to test the sum of what you have learned throughout your course of study and/or to measure your ability to put those skills into practice.
Tags: need complete, will need, career plans, course study, vary from, will also
Apothecaries use metrics that may seem illogical primarily because they have regarded their expertise as a trade secret and deliberately rendered their pharmacopeias indecipherable. Here's convert apothecary measurements to other units.
Instructions
1. Understand that the apothecary system was largely replaced by the metric system during the early 20th century. Even in the United States, where English units of measure are still used, only a very few apothecary units, such as the gallon, pint and ounce, remain in common usage.
2. Expect to rarely encounter the more obscure units in the United States. Some of these units were never standardized, so references may show different conversions.
3. Use apothecary units of dry weight. The units in common use in the United States are the pound and the ounce. One pound is 16 ounces, 1 ounce is 8 drams, 1 dram is 3 scruples and 1 scruple is 20 grains.
4. Work with apothecary units of fluid measure. The common units are the gallon, pint and ounce. One gallon is 8 pints, 1 pint is 16 ounces, 1 ounce is 8 drachms, 1 drachm is 3 scruples and 1 scruple is 20 minims.
5. Convert apothecary units to the metric system. There are 29.5735297 grams to the ounce and 29.5735297 milliliters to the ounce.
Tags: apothecary units, United States, gallon pint, gallon pint ounce, metric system
English is seen by many as a universal language, and is an integral part of numerous cultures. For those who cannot speak English but are required to, it can seem frustrating to learn quickly. English is known to be one of the most complicated languages. Using some activities as an aid is a great help on the journey to learning English as a Second Language (ESL).
Have Fun While Learning - Play ESL Games Online
There are many ESL games available on the Internet to help people learn English. Games include everything from learning the alphabet to understanding nouns, pronouns, adjectives and phrases, to spelling, vocabulary and grammar. Playing a few games as part of a routine will not only keep the student interested in learning the new language, but will make the learning process much easier. If a particular game is too difficult, there is likely to be another at a more suitable level. Once the student improves in that area, it is time to move up to the next level.
Learning Vocabulary
English vocabulary is very complex. Even native English speakers may not have a very large vocabulary because the language is so elaborate. To improve English vocabulary, doing crossword puzzles can help. Quizzes and picture-based games are also good at expanding vocabulary. For instance, showing a picture of a certain establishment such as a library or a doctor's office can help the person learning English as a second language determine the names for different buildings, rather than simply referring to them as buildings. Reading English picture books or children's books can also increase vocabulary.
Improving Oral English Skills
Practicing English pronunciation daily can help improve verbal skills. There are many resources available on the Internet for this, for listening and repeating. At ManyThings.org, a listen and read aloud section allows students to listen to phrases or sentences and repeat them until they have the correct pronunciation. Purchasing English pronunciation audio or video would also be beneficial. To make improving oral English skills more enjoyable, a student may watch simple English movies, or movies in their native language with English subtitles.
Writing and Spelling
To boost confidence in written English, an ESL student should take spelling tests or play spelling and vocabulary games. The Internet provides many of these options for free, however students can also make their own quizzes by drawing a few pictures onto flashcards, and then randomly choosing a card to spell it and write a sentence about it.
Improving Listening and Reading Skills
There are many things one can do to improve listening and reading skills. The first thing is to get some books that include an audio tape. These are always available in public or school libraries and can be found at ManyThings.org. More advanced ESL learners can try to learn expressions by listening to and reading certain English expressions. Listening to or reading stories that are enjoyable will also help improve reading and listening skills. Children's novels are a great way to improve ESL reading skills, as is listening to audiotapes or a CD with interesting stories. Such audiotapes or CDs are usually available at large bookstores or public libraries.
Tags: There many, available Internet, English pronunciation, English vocabulary, help improve
Paralegals assist lawyers with administrative duties, researching and writing.
The American Association for Paralegal Education (AAfPE) and the American Bar Association (ABA) have created standards pertaining to the formal education of a paralegal. This education requires at least 60 hours of classroom study, some of which include instruction in professional ethics, legal research, knowledge and ability to draft legal documents, and written and oral communication skills.
Professional Ethics Activities
Paralegals are not regulated by the Rules of Professional Conduct and Guidelines; however, members of a paralegal association are required to follow the association's Code of Ethics, which are comparable to those which govern lawyers. Activities to ingrain a code of professional ethics into a paralegal student may include role playing activities where the instructor acting as a client asks the student a series of questions such as requesting legal advice, providing confidential information or asking to engage in other business that would be considered unethical under the code of ethics. Students would have to respond correctly in these situations to pass the activities.
Legal Research Activities
Legal research comprises a large part of a paralegal's responsibilities. Factual investigation pertaining to specific cases, research of state and local codes relating to a case and use of legal databases such as Lexis-Nexis are necessary for a paralegal to master. Activities to develop legal researching abilities include having the students do the necessary investigative research related to a fictional case to help prepare for various stages of that legal representation, such as for depositions and trial.
Drafting Legal Documents
The ability to read, identify and draft legal documents is necessary when becoming a paralegal. Introductory exercises in reading legal documents and identifying which type of document they are such as a correspondence or brief can help the student learn this skill. Intermediate and advanced activities may include creating fictional legal documents and having the instructor function as the lawyer by reviewing and amending the documents as necessary.
Written and Oral Communication Activities
Paralegals may have responsibilities which include correspondence with clients or opposing counsel and need to know communicate in a professional and confident manner. For written communication activities, the instructor can draft a document from a fictional client that the paralegal students must respond to. Students should be reminded of the code of ethics regulations before responding to the document. Instructors can evaluate the written responses in terms of professionalism, grammar and format. For oral exercises, the instructor can pair up all the students and have half of them act as opposing counsel and half as paralegals. Instructor should allow students to discuss pertinent matters regarding a fictional case in these specific roles. Instructor should have the students reverse roles after observing their performance.