What Do Psat Scores Mean

PSAT scores determine college readiness.

Scores on the Preliminary SAT, a standardized test issued by the U.S. College Board, determine college readiness and eligibility for national scholarship monies. Students can use their score to measure their verbal and math skills in relationship to their peer group nationwide.

Identification

The PSAT contains three sections: critical reading, math skills and writing skills. In scoring, a correct answer earns a point while an incorrect is penalized a quarter of a point to offset scores gained by guessing. A skipped question is not scored.

Features

The PSAT converts scores in each section to a 20 to 80 point scale. Combined, these scores comprise the Selection Index, which ranges from 60 to 240. A PSAT score report also includes a percentile score, which compares scores against all others in the same grade level who took that test.

Function

Scores gauge a student's readiness for college and the SAT, though the PSAT is slightly easier than the SAT. The percentile score stacks a student skills against those he will be competing against for college slots, and the composite score corresponds to an SAT score by adding a zero on the end.

Significance

Eleventh graders on average score about 141 in their composite score. In 2009, their average score in each section was 47 in reading, 48 in math and 41 in writing.

Benefits

While colleges do not use PSAT scores for admission purposes, they determine eligibility for college scholarships through the National Merit Scholarship Program. Only the top 50,000 of the approximately 1.5 million students who take the test each year receive any level of recognition.

Tags: average score, college readiness, composite score, determine college, determine college readiness, each section, math skills

The History Of School Uniform

Until recent years, the only schools in the United States that required uniforms were private institutions. Yet the debate over the pros and cons of requiring school uniforms and their effect on communities and kids' individuality continues to rage on as people debate whether or not uniforms make a difference. Understand the history of and facts on school uniforms to grasp why they are such a hot topic debate.

History

In the 16th century, England was the first nation to require school uniforms. But these uniforms were not to be worn by elite students; they were to distinguish the poor children attending charity schools from other children. It wasn't until 300 years later that students who attended the better English public schools began wearing uniforms. Once this became the norm, it blossomed into an obsession, as well as a way to effect social and cultural control over the students.

Significance

The arguments over requiring school uniforms in American public schools began in the 1980s, with such comments as preventing individuality or freedom of expression at the top of the list of reasons against doing so. However, arguments for school uniforms have included reducing peer pressure to have the latest designer clothing and saving parents money on their children's clothing by requiring the same uniform every year.

Function

Those who support school uniforms argue that if all of the students are wearing the same clothing, they will take school more seriously instead of worrying about what they're wearing. Since many places of employment also require uniforms, this will prepare the students for future jobs, and gang violence will decrease because members will be unable to identify their rivals by their clothing.

Considerations

On the other side of the coin, however, are those who are against the idea. They claim that the rebellious students will alter their uniforms, forcing teachers to spend more time policing the uniforms every day. Bullies will continue to persecute their victims over non-clothing-related subjects such as height, weight, hair and so forth. And if an older student physically attacks a younger one, a description of the attacker will be of little use, given that everyone else in the school is wearing the same thing.

Solution

The subject of school uniforms is unlikely to ever reach a conclusion that will be acceptable to everyone. But the problem really isn't as simple as a change of clothing. A study performed by academics from the University of Alabama and Notre Dame concluded that student attendance, academic achievement, behavioral problems and substance abuse showed no improvement after school uniforms were introduced. Perhaps a better way to improve student behavior would be for parents and school boards to hold children accountable for their actions, just as adults are held accountable by society for their actions. As noted by San Diego's Fleet & Family Support Centers, children learn responsibility by being held accountable.

Tags: school uniforms, uniforms were, held accountable, public schools, public schools began

Apply For A Predoctoral Fulbright Fellowship For U S Students

This Fulbright Fellowship offers graduate students in the United States the chance to study in another country. It not only provides money, but also a great deal of flexibility in setting up your own program of study and/or research.

Instructions

1. Make sure you fit the criteria: be a U.S. citizen at the time of application; have a bachelor's degree, preferably from a U.S. institution; be a proficient speaker and writer in the relevant foreign language; be in relatively good health.

2. Contact your school's Fulbright Program Adviser (FPA). Your FPA will be able to get you an application, as well as give you detailed information on the application procedure.

3. Think precisely about what sort of program you'd like to design for yourself and about how you'd describe the project to the funding committee.

4. Notify professors and TAs well ahead of time for any letters of recommendation you need from them.

5. Send in all the materials before the deadline, which is usually in late October. Apply well before the application deadline to avoid the risk of missing it.

6. Photocopy your application materials before sending them in, and keep a copy for your records.

7. Keep in mind that the amount of money you'll receive (if you get a Fulbright) will vary according to the local living expenses of the place you want to visit.

Tags: Fulbright Fellowship, materials before

Accredited Online Law Degree Programs

A young woman reading a law book.

Pursuing a law degree opens up many new career windows with, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, pay rates that are far above the national average. Law is also a very competitive field due to the number of law school graduates each year and is often quite expensive to pursue. However, for those budget-conscious individuals who are adamant about earning a law degree, there are a number of accredited online programs that provide the knowledge and skills needed for entry-level work in the field and that also lay the groundwork for taking the bar exam.

Kaplan University Concord Law School

The Concord Law School at Kaplan University, which launched its first fully-online law degree program in 1998, has been accredited by The Higher Learning Commission (HLC). Prospective students have three degrees to choose from: a Juris Doctorate (JD), an Executive Juris Doctorate (EJD) or a Small Business Practice (LLM). The JD program is part-time and takes approximately four years to complete, with a curriculum grounded in traditional law and bar courses mixed with a high level of online feedback and interaction. The program is ideal for those who are working a full-time job and need flexibility in their school scheduling. The EJD program, on the other hand, is a part-time, three-year program that is designed for those who are interested in a challenging law education, but do not want to deal with the regulatory requirements associated with becoming a member of the bar. The LLM degree is designed for recent graduates and licensed attorneys who want a more in-depth knowledge of the legal issues that are specific to small businesses.

Concord Law School

Kaplan University

800-439-4794

concordlawschool.edu

Walden University

Walden University has been accredited by the Higher Learning Commission (HLC) and is also a member of the North Central Association (NCA), which is one of six officially recognized regional bodies in the United States, authorized to accredit colleges and universities. Walden offers a Masters of Public Administration (MPA) degree that takes about two years to complete, depending on individual progress and the number of credits transferred in from other institutions. The curriculum is intended to give students a solid background in legal concepts, case law, terminology and modern trends that will provide a strong foundation for those who wish to pursue a JD. Students will take a combination of foundational, core and specialization courses that include Introduction to Public Administration, Ethics and Social Justice, Public Sector Economics, Public Policy Analysis, Fundamentals of Law and Public Policy, and Contemporary Cases and Issues in the Courts. Graduates will have a greater understanding of the way in which legal decisions and the law, impact public policy.

Walden University

866-492-5336

waldenu.edu

Taft Law School

The Taft Law School has been operating since 1984 and was founded to provide affordable legal education to adults with full-time employment who, due to various constraining factors, are unable to attend a bricks-and-mortar university. Taft Law School is accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the Distance Education and Training Council (DETC), which is a nonprofit educational association located in Washington, D.C. Taft offers a Bachelor of Science in Laws and two Master of Laws programs (one with a concentration in taxation and the other in American jurisprudence). The school also offers two Juris Doctorate and Executive Juris Doctorate degrees (one through telecommunications courses and the other through independent study). Various law courses offered include administrative, constitutional, corporate securities, criminal, civil, labor/employment, intellectual property, sports, health care, property, antitrust and bankruptcy, among others. In addition, students facing economic hardships are eligible for financial aid programs offered by the school.

Taft Law School

3700 South Susan St., Office 200

Santa Ana, CA 92704

800-882-4555

taftu.edu

Tags: Juris Doctorate, Taft School, Concord School, Kaplan University, Walden University, accredited Higher

Types Of Trade Schools

A wide variety of trade schools, also known as vocational schools, advertise an education that will help their students further their careers. Some trade schools prepare people for careers in areas of speciality that require a previously earned college degree. Other trade schools serve to help further an individual's goals to pursue an artistic talent. A great way to learn more about a particular trade school is to search the Internet for further information.

Dental Assistant Trade School

Becoming a dental assistant requires at least a certificate from a dental trade school. Most trade schools offer a one-year certificate program and an associate's degree program that takes about two years to complete successfully. Following graduation from these programs, most states require the dental assistant to pass a license exam before beginning her career.

Optometric Assistant Trade School

Trade school certificate programs for those wishing to be optometric assistants usually are a year in length. Students receive education in such topics as visual testing, anatomy, office skills, dispensing and physiology. A student must take an exam after graduation to receive a license.

Fashion Trade School

People seeing fashion design in their future might wish to attend a fashion trade school. The typical fashion program involves courses in drawing, studying form and making patterns. Some design schools have close ties to the fashion industry, which can help with job placement after graduation.

Culinary Arts Trade School

Typically, trade schools for the culinary arts bring a greater variety of choices for the students seeking degrees in cooking. For those looking to begin working in the culinary field immediately, they can earn a certificate in one- and two-month programs. Students may also choose to obtain associate degrees from programs lasting between one and two years. Culinary students can also earn a bachelor's degree after successfully completing a four-year program. If a student is particularly motivated, he can earn a master's degree by completing two more years of training.

Barber Trade School

Trade schools for barbers have programs that usually include courses in chemistry, bacteriology, trimming, hairstyles, human relations, wigs, highlighting and coloring. The amount of hours necessary for barber training is generally 1,500, although this number varies from state to state. In addition to training, a prospective barber must complete an apprenticeship and pass a licensing exam.

Funeral Service Trade School

The qualification standards for becoming a mortician vary from state to state. An associate's degree in funeral service from a trade school is a good step for pursuing a career in the funeral industry. To earn a funeral service degree a person is required to complete courses in public health, business management, social sciences, communication, mortuary law and biology. Most states also require an apprenticeship for as long as two years.

Cosmetician Trade School

Cosmetology programs at trade schools usually teach their students such things as color and cut hair, give a facial and manicure, handle chemical peels and utilize makeup techniques. Depending on the degree the person is seeking, the programs can last two years or less. A cosmetician will also need to take an exam after receiving her degree to become licensed.

Tags: trade schools, after graduation, Assistant Trade, Assistant Trade School, associate degree

Industry Sponsored Scholarships For Undergraduate Chemistry Majors

Undergraduate chemistry majors have several scholarship opportunities available from the chemical industry. Professional associations and corporations offer scholarships to undergraduate chemistry students on a regular basis. Scholarships for minority students also are available. Check with associations representing minorities in chemistry as well as associations for specializations within chemistry and on the websites of chemical corporations to learn of other opportunities.

American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Society Scholarship

The American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Society Scholarship is worth $1,500 to a chemistry or chemical engineering student with at least a 3.0 grade point average (GPA). The scholarship is renewable.

American Chemical Society

The American Chemical Society's ACS Scholars Program is open to African-American, American-Indian and Hispanic chemical science students. Awards are for up to $5,000, and the number and amount of the scholarships may vary from year to year as funding changes. Students in their high school senior year and college students in their freshmen through junior years may apply.

UNCF-MERCK Science Research Scholarships and Fellowships

The UNCF-MERCK Science Research Scholarships and Fellowships are open to African-American students. The undergraduate winners work two summer research programs with stipends totaling at least $10,000 that take place at a Merck facility in New Jersey, Pennsylvania or California. Merck scientists mentor them. The award provides up to $25,000 toward tuition, fees, and room and board. The winners' chemistry departments may also receive a grant of up to $10,000, depending on funding.

American Meteorological Society

The American Meteorological Society offers a range of scholarships for chemistry students, including the AMS/Industry Minority Scholarship, the AMS Freshman Undergraduate Scholarship worth $5,000, and the AMS Undergraduate Named Scholarship. Amounts of the awards may differ depending on the amount of available funding for each scholarship.

American Association for Clinical Chemistry

The American Association for Clinical Chemistry provides a wide range of scholarships for students who want to study chemistry at the undergraduate level. It provides scholarship funds mainly through the Van Slyke Foundation. Some of the scholarships are for travel and research.

ACS-Hach Land Grant Undergraduate Scholarship

The American Chemical Society sponsors the ACS-Hach Land Grant Undergraduate Scholarship, which is for undergraduate chemistry students at one of the society's 72 partner universities. The scholarship is worth up to $6,000 per year for up to six years and is available to students who express the intention to teach high school chemistry.

Tags: American Chemical, American Chemical Society, Chemical Society, chemistry students, Undergraduate Scholarship, ACS-Hach Land, ACS-Hach Land Grant

Get Off A College'S Wait List

You labored over your college application and essay, editing and refining until it was a work of art--only to find out that you're on the dreaded wait list. Now rather than packing for college, you're in admissions oblivion, spending your time fretting and wondering where you'll be in a few months. Before you panic, do some legwork to find out if you can get off the college's wait list and get into the school of your dreams.

Instructions

1. Find out how the college's wait list works. While wait lists are typically a school's way of saying that they liked you and consider you a "runner up," some highly ranked schools use the wait list as more of a courtesy measure. They write to thank you for applying, while never really expecting to admit you. Other schools are more serious about wait-listed students, ranking them and anticipating that they will admit several from the list every year.

2. Read your response letter carefully. Most of the time, the college provides you with historical wait list numbers and statistical information indicating what the odds are that you'll gain admission. If it's not spelled out for you in your letter, call the admissions office. According to the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC), it is within a student's rights to know where she stands and what the wait list means to her.

3. Ask the appropriate administrators why you were rejected. While it may be because you did not quite make the grade, it could be because your file was incomplete due to a missing reference or application form. You don't want to miss out on your first choice due to a technicality.

4. Reiterate your desire to attend the college. Whether you write a note or call and speak with an admissions counselor, respond immediately after receiving your letter. Let the powers-that-be know that you are dedicated to becoming part of their student body and that you are keeping up your GPA and dedicating yourself to extracurricular activities in the meantime.

5. Update the college's admissions office if you receive honors or awards. While they don't need to hear from you every time they log onto their email, periodic and relevant updates may help your case while indicating your continued interest.

6. Personalize your efforts. Get the name of the admissions officer in charge of your application so you have a specific name when you call to follow up or give new information.

Tags: wait list, admissions office, college admissions, college wait, college wait list, that they, your letter

Methanol As A Fuel Additive

Methanol, derived from wood, is an alternative fuel added to gasoline.

With gasoline diminishing as a natural resource, scientists are looking for other fuels for commercial vehicles. One of these fuels, called methanol, is added to gasoline and has both pros and cons.

Definition

Methanol is a type of alcohol. While ethanol (a more popular alcoholic fuel) is derived from grains such as corn, methanol is made from wood, coal and natural gases.

Safer

Methanol burns at a lower temperature than gasoline because it is only composed of one chemical (versus gasoline, which is composed of several). This makes a vehicle with both gasoline and methanol safer during an accident because methanol will slow down the burn.

MPG and Power

When compared to gasoline, methanol has about half the energy. This doesn't mean it has less power, but that it gets fewer miles per gallon. Methanol mixed with gasoline will have lower MPG than pure gasoline.

M85

Commercial vehicles don't run on pure methanol. Modified vehicles, called flexible fuel vehicles (FFV), operate on a 85 percent methanol and 15 percent gasoline mix.

Fuel Stations

Currently, few cars can run M85 and few stations offer the mixture. Perhaps this will change in the future, but until then M85 vehicles can seem impracticable.

Tags: added gasoline, derived from, from wood, gasoline methanol

Importance Of Glucose

Importance of Glucose

Found in both plants and animals, glucose is the most abundant carbohydrate, and more specifically, monosaccharide (simple sugar). Glucose is also a part of many disaccharides and polysaccharides. Sucrose is a combination of glucose and fructose, lactose is a combination of glucose and galactose, and maltose is formed by two glucose molecules. Starch, fiber, and glycogen (polysaccharides) are all made with glucose as well. According to NutritionData.com, extreme rises and falls in blood glucose levels can cause energy highs and drops.

Function

Glucose is a basic energy source for many of the body's operations. It is used for most bodily processes, including cellular respiration, food digestion, and the production of ATP. Blood glucose is important because it is easily used by the body, without needing to be broken down or retrieved from another area of the body. The normal blood glucose level for adults is 70-140 mg. When levels are below 70 mg, you may feel lightheaded and if the level drops below 20 mg, you may faint.

Sources

Being the most abundant monosaccharide, glucose is found in many sources, both plant and animal. Fruits and vegetables have high levels of glucose, as do many grains. Carbohydrates have the most glucose. According to NutritionData.com, the foods with the highest level of glucose are dried apricots, canned pineapple, cranberry juice, dates, catsup, honey, pomegranate juice and grape juice. Pickles, sweet onions, cabbage, wild rice, corn meal, and egg noodles also have high levels of glucose.

Hypoglycemia

According to the American Diabetes Association, hypoglycemia is the condition of abnormally low blood glucose levels. Symptoms include hunger, tenseness, sweating, cold hands/feet, headache, stomach cramps, pale skin and fatigue. Hypoglycemia can be caused by fasting, pancreatic tumors, and liver disease, as well as other diseases. In some hypoglycemic patients, the body produces a high level of insulin that is constantly up taking glucose from the blood. Treatment for it is the Ketogenic Diet, which is low in carbohydrates and high in proteins and fats.

Hyperglycemia

According to the American Diabetes Association, hyperglycemia is the condition of abnormally high levels of blood glucose. This can occur when the body does not have enough insulin for adequate glucose uptake. Symptoms of hyperglycemia are high levels of sugar in the urine and a need for frequent urination. This can cause you to be thirstier. If hyperglycemia occurs frequently and is not cared for, it can lead to a diabetic coma. Treatment for hyperglycemia is exercise and reducing food intake.

Considerations

Individuals who are lactose intolerant don't have enough of the lactase enzyme to break down lactose, or don't have any at all. Because disaccharides need to be broken down for metabolism, lactose cannot be digested in these individuals.

If you are experiencing drastic changes in your blood glucose levels, you can use the glycemic index to find foods that don't affect your blood glucose levels as much.

Tags: blood glucose levels, glucose levels, high levels, blood glucose, blood glucose, your blood glucose

Importance Of A Purpose Statement In Research

Without a statement of purpose, the objective of a research study is unclear.

No matter what subject you are studying, serious research projects and papers require a statement of purpose. A statement of purpose explains to the reader what the goal of the study is, as well as what hypothesis will be tested and what types of studies or literature will be referenced. Without the statement of purpose, the reader may become lost in technical terms and data, or they may skip reading the study if they do not understand what its significance will be.

Location and Length

The purpose statement should come at the end of the introduction and can range in length from several sentences to an entire paragraph. Very often, the thesis statement will be included as part of the statement of purpose. The researcher should never reveal his or her findings in the statement of purpose, because then the reader has no reason to continue reading the study.

Components

The statement of purpose should consist of several components to successfully communicate the rationale of the research to the reader. It should give the reader the framework for the research, and specifically what field or area it will cover. It should discuss the main concepts of the paper and what process will be used for the investigation. It should also explain how results will be measured and what impact the study will have.

Thesis

A statement of purpose is different than a thesis statement in several ways. A thesis statement sets up the main argument or claim the researcher is going to make, while the statement of purpose explains how the research was conducted and analyzed to make that claim. The statement of purpose also sets the stage for the thesis by introducing the topic and the breadth of the research.

How it Helps the Researcher

In addition to orienting the reader, the statement of purpose helps the researcher as he begins his project or paper. It does several things: it allows the researcher to delve more deeply into the topic, helps narrow the project focus to relevant information only, forms the thesis statement, and saves time during the research process. The researcher should know that several drafts of the statement can be written as he works through primary research.

Tags: statement purpose, thesis statement, purpose explains, reading study, researcher should

Cash Series Ee Savings Bonds

Cash Series EE savings bonds at a financial institution.

When you invest in a Series EE savings bond, you have a reliable form of savings that you can use to fund a variety of activities. Savings bonds also make suitable gifts. A savings bond will accrue interest over a period of years. When you redeem your Series EE savings bond, you will receive the original price of the bond plus any interest that accrued over the life of the bond. Check the value of your bond before you redeem it to ensure it is wise to cash it.

Instructions

1. Visit TreasuryDirect.gov to use a savings bond calculator. Click the blue "Get Started" link to open the calculator. Enter the denomination of your bond, the serial number and the issue date into the blank fields. Click the blue "Calculate" button to find the value of your savings bond.

2. Take your Series EE savings bond to a financial institution. Use a financial institution with which you have an account for the easiest transaction. If you do not have an account with the financial institution, be prepared to provide identification to prove your identity.

3. Present the savings bond to the bank. You must be an owner or a co-owner of the savings bond in order to redeem it. If you are not the owner or co-owner of the savings bond, you must prove that you are entitled to redeem it. These special circumstances include being the beneficiary of a deceased savings bond owner or being the parent of a minor savings bond owner. The financial institution may request a death certificate, in the case of a deceased owner. A parent may have to sign the back of the bond to certify a child is too young to redeem the bond in the case of a minor owner.

4. Sign the back of the savings bond in the presence of the financial institution to redeem it. You can redeem as much as $1,000 of savings bonds at one time. If you wish to redeem more than $1,000 of savings bonds at one time, you will have to sign the bond at the financial institution, include your Social Security number, and mail the savings bonds to a special Treasury Retail Security Site to process your savings bond redemption. Visit the TreasuryDirect.gov site locator page to find the site that is nearest to you.

5. Keep receipts from the savings bond you redeemed, because you will need to fill out tax information about the interest you accrued on your bond. You may receive an IRS form at the time you redeem the bond, or you may receive the tax form when the tax year ends.

Tags: savings bond, financial institution, Series savings, savings bonds, Series savings bond, your bond, bond financial

What Is An Lms

LMS systems can be used for numerous corporate education projects.

An LMS system, or Learning Management System, is an e-learning system used by corporations, health care facilities, small businesses and manufacturing centers to educate employees and track learning progress. Reporting capabilities may be available.

Benefits

Instructors use an LMS system to create files, interactive e-learning modules or courses for employee completion. Most courses are easy to create, will allow the loading of multiple files in multiple formats and are compatible with most e-learning tools. Course completion may also be tracked without manual record keeping by instructors.

Implementation Considerations

Make sure that there will be a dedicated staff resource available to manage course creation and desired reporting. Companies should also expect to arrange for an IT resource for implementation. LMS systems come in a variety of formats that may require working with the vendor during the installation process, and most systems are SCORM (Shareable Content Object Reference Model) compatible.

Drawbacks and Warnings

Relying solely on an LMS system for education may take away from personalized training and reduce the face time and interaction between trainer and trainee. Users with limited computer knowledge may be frustrated with a new system to learn, and staff may be frustrated with a new system to maintain.

Tags: frustrated with, frustrated with system, with system

How Long Does It Take To Pay Off Student Loans As A Doctor

The total debt for graduating medical school students continues to increase, according to the Association of American Medical Colleges, primarily because of rising tuition and fees at both public and private universities. In fact, the AAMC's predicts that by 2033, medical school students may have to take on a staggering $750,000 in education-related debt. Paying off medical school loans can be burdensome even with a high physician's salary, and you may be paying on them well into your 50s.

Medical School Debt

According to the AAMC's 2010 Graduate Questionnaire, medical school graduates carry approximately $147,000 in educational debt. Most graduates defer repayment until after their three-year residencies, according to the AAMC. While in deferment, interest accrues on unsubsidized student loans. Interest on Federal Stafford unsubsidized loans for graduate students is 6.8 percent, as of 2011. Private student loans may be much higher. The interest capitalizes on the loans annually, which increases a student's total indebtedness when she begins repayment on the loans after residency.

Physician Salaries

The Medical Group Management Association conducts an annual physician compensation survey. Results from the 2010 survey, which reflects 2009 data, indicate that primary care physicians in both hospital-owned and non-hospital-owned practices report median annual salaries of around $191,500. Specialty care physicians in non-hospital-owned practices reported median annual salaries of around $350,000, whereas those in hospital-owned practices make around 25 percent less. Overall, primary care physicians reported a 2.8 percent increase in median salaries from the previous MGMA survey, whereas certain specialty areas reported a greater increase. The specialty area you choose will affect your income, which also affects the length of time you spend repaying your student loans.

Debt Payments

The standard repayment plan for federal direct loans offers a default 10-year plan. The October 2007 AAMC "Medical School Tuition and Young Physician Indebtedness" report indicates that monthly payments for a following residency -- on this standard plan -- would be approximately $1,700 if repaying on $151,000. However, an extended repayment plan of 25 years would lower the monthly payments by about $700. Loans with private student loan companies usually have stricter repayment terms than federal student loans.

Loan Programs

Medical school graduates have a couple options if seeking more favorable loan terms. For example, AAMC's MedLoans program offers more favorable repayment terms and interest rates than the federal direct loan program. It offers a lower initial interest rate during student loan disbursement and periods of deferment. Also, the AAMC loan program has no origination fee and offers interest-rate-reduction during repayment. On the other hand, young doctors may also be able to consolidate federal student loans under either the income-contingent or income-based repayment plans with a Direct Consolidation Loan from the Department of Education. These plans offer extended repayment plans of 25 years, lower payments than the standard repayment plan and automatic student loan forgiveness for any balance left at the end of the 25-year repayment period.

Tags: student loans, care physicians, medical school, repayment plan, student loan

Commercial Lawyer Job Description

Commercial lawyer represent companies.

Lawyers advise and advocate on behalf of their clients on a wide range of legal issues. Commercial lawyers specialize in business in commercial matters, mostly representing companies or corporations that engage in business transactions. Lawyers who specialize in commercial matters may also be referred to as corporate lawyers. Competition for job openings as commercial lawyers is intense because of the large supply of practicing attorneys and large number of law school graduates each year.

Role

Commercial lawyers focus their law practice on business matters. In this respect, a commercial lawyer may either engage in transactional work or litigation. Transactional lawyers advise clients on legal issue related to transactions, often drafting, negotiating and executing contracts. Transactional lawyers also advise clients on their legal rights and obligations. Litigators who specialize in commercial matters engage in commercial litigation. Litigators represent and advocate for clients in judicial proceedings. Commercial litigators may represent an individual or company suing another individual or company. Commercial litigators also defend corporate clients who get sued.

Education

To pursue a career as a lawyer, it takes seven years of post-high school full-time study, which includes four years of college and three additional years for law school. To qualify for law school admission, applicants must have an undergraduate bachelor's degree and take the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). Some law schools offer part-time programs, which usually take four years instead of three. The law school admissions process is generally competitive. While it is not required, it is helpful for commercial lawyers to have some background in business matters. That background could include an undergraduate business major or other corporate work experience.

Bar Admission

To practice law in any state or jurisdiction, a law school graduate must obtain a law license in the jurisdiction in which they wish to practice. Each state has its own requirements, but all states require that the applicant pass a written bar examination. Most states also require applicants to pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE). Finally, most states require that an applicant satisfy their standards for moral character fitness.

Qualifications

Practicing law is a large responsibility. Potential lawyers should have excellent research and writing skills, be creative thinkers, possess strong reasoning skills and pay careful attention to detail. Lawyers must consume, understand and synthesize large volumes of information. Commercial litigators must have the ability to think and speak quickly, confidently and with ease in a trial setting. All commercial lawyers must possess some knowledge of corporate law.

Income

As of 2008, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median annual income for all law school graduates was $68,500. The median annual income for lawyers engaged in private practice, as opposed to government or non-profit work, was $108,500. Because most commercial lawyers, by the nature of their specialty, work in private practice, commercial lawyers tend to generate more income than other types of lawyers. As a result, competition for commercial lawyer jobs is fierce.

Tags: commercial lawyers, Commercial litigators, commercial matters, advise clients, annual income, business matters, commercial lawyers

Study For A Bookkeeping Exam

Exams can be difficult, but are usually made easier by the right preparation. Cramming information into your brain at the last minute isn't always the best way to study. Give yourself enough information to study for a bookkeeping exam the right way, and success is more likely.

Instructions

1. Use time throughout the course to study for a bookkeeping exam. Each week go over the information for the course, and take time each day to look over notes from the instructor. Small bits of information are easier to process and absorb instead of trying to remember it all at the last minute. This is especially true of bookkeeping, since it is based on money management and staying current on tax laws and budgeting. You must learn the basics before you can comprehend the advanced curriculum.

2. Stay on top of course work. Any assignments or reading assigned throughout the course should be done on time. Ensure that you don't lag behind by keeping an eye on your due dates and concepts that need to be learned in that time frame.

3. Ask questions if there are concepts or actions that are unclear to you. Bookkeeping is a very exact and intricate task. Outlining budgets, financial statements, operating statements, and assets need to be done with an eye for detail. These concepts need to be fully understood in order to be successful as a bookkeeper.

4. Have the proper tools when you sit down to study for a bookkeeping exam. Use the same spreadsheets and software that will be available to you during the exam. This will help you familiarize yourself with each, and prep you for the test. Most exams will be over the most current software such as Excel spreadsheets or QuickBooks.

Tags: study bookkeeping, bookkeeping exam, last minute, study bookkeeping exam, throughout course

Use Technology To Write Essays

Writing essays can be a long, tedious process, but technology, like a computer, can make the entire process simpler and less frustrating. Before modern technology, essays were either handwritten or typed using a typewriter, which meant that if you wanted to add a paragraph into a paper, you had to re-do the entire document to make space. Now, with the help of word processing programs, you can easily perform any edits required to result in a great finished product.

Instructions

1. Open up a word processing program. If you don't already have one downloaded onto your computer, purchase and install one. The most popular of these types of programs is undoubtedly Microsoft Word.

2. Open a new file and begin typing your essay. Although typing may seem awkward at first, you'll discover that it can be much faster than handwriting once you've practiced enough.

3. Insert images and graphs where and if appropriate. You can use spreadsheet programs to prepare graphs and charts, and image programs to select pictures and other images to complement your text. The "Help" feature is available if you need a little direction.

4. Perform research on the Internet. Use reputable sites. Generally, those websites with addresses ending in .edu or .gov are reputable and contain valuable information. If your school has purchased rights to newspaper or article databases like JSTOR, use them frequently.

5. Use your word processor's spell checker for a preliminary check of your document. You don't want to rely entirely on this feature, as it won't alter homonyms and words with similar meanings, i.e., it won't change "insure" to "ensure" or "there" to "they're."

6. Edit your document on the computer. This will allow you to cut-and-paste text to alter your essay's organization and add or delete text as necessary. This is easily done with a couple mouse clicks, but be sure you have the correct copy highlighted before cutting and pasting; it's easy to make a mistake if you're working quickly.

7. Finalize the formatting of your document. You can select everything from point size (12 is standard) to the font you use (Times, Times New Roman and Arial are good choices) as well as include bold and italics as necessary. In general, the copy in an essay should be black, but you do have numerous color options if that's appropriate. You may also want to add page numbers and make sure the flow from page to page is smooth. Because editing on a computer is so effortless, there's no reason for awkward formatting to creep into your essay.

Tags: your document, your essay, word processing

Arts & Crafts Ideas For Greek Fraternity Initiation Gifts

Fraternity gift options are limitless.

Custom Greek paraphernalia is as much about identifying with an organization as it is an expression of creativity. There are several tried and true options, but even within them, opportunities exist for variety and individualism. And there are ways to get past the barebones crossing jacket and T-shirt. So, whether subtlety or sensationalism is your aim, Greek paraphernalia can deliver either way.

Tried & True

Consider a crossing jacket with a new spin. The key here is to be familiar enough with a fraternity's history and ideology to know what is and isn't acceptable. In making a crossing jacket that pops, subtle information and symbolism can play a big role. Take an item that holds special meaning to an organization, like the striped candy canes associated with Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, or the symbolic dove of Phi Beta Sigma. Juxtapose this against the line number on the back of a crossing jacket or on the sleeve near the chapter name and pledge year. Or try a traditional fraternity crest on the sleeve of a crossing jacket or T-shirt. Another new spin on an old idea is to create shirts, jackets or hats that are two-tone with a fraternity's primary and secondary colors.

Custom-Made Gifts

An alternative to the ready-made jackets, hats and pins that are so popular would be a kit of crests, pins and iron-on patches that can be applied to plain-faced items at the new frat member's whim. This way, he can place his fraternity's crest on a shirt he already loves, or make paraphernalia with these items and a few shirts or hats in just the right color. Also consider throwing in a blanket, sweater, polo or baseball jacket for extra special gifts.

Fun & Functional

The pledging process lends itself to the deriving of nicknames over time. Let the nickname your favorite pledge has earned sparkle through in their gift. A guy named Moose might love a sports jersey in a fraternity color with "Moose" monogrammed onto the back. Dog might appreciate a novelty dog collar with his name stitched in, as might Cow, Bird, Snake, Pigeon or Worm. If Worm's fraternity mascot is the bear, then a painting of a bear with an earthworm in his grip might be just the thing. Imagination and a little knowledge is key, and with both, fraternity initiation gifts can be as charming and as individual as the recipient.

Tags: crossing jacket, crossing jacket T-shirt, fraternity crest, Greek paraphernalia, jacket T-shirt

Ncaa Football Rules For Scholarships & Athletes

Only DI and DII athletes are eligible for NCAA scholarships.

The National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) governs student athlete scholarships and participation in Division I and Division II college sports. The rules the NCAA sets for football players and their scholarships are the same as those for athletes in every other NCAA sport. These rules include academic eligibility, amateur status and other related considerations designed to ensure that teams do not unfairly contract professional athletes.

Academic Eligibility

The NCAA places strict eligibility requirements on student athletes and scholarship recipient academic performance. Division I football players must successfully complete 16 core courses in college, while Division II players must complete 14, including English, math, science and social sciences.

Division II athletes must graduate high school with a GPA of 2.0 and a minimum math and verbal SAT score of 820 or a combined ACT score of 68. Division I athletes must been the requirements of sliding scale linking SAT/ACT score with GPA. For instance, a football player with a high school GPA of 2.0 must have a minimum combined math and verbal SAT score of 1010 or a combined ACT score of 86, while a football player with a high school GPA of 3.55 or higher must have a combined math and verbal SAT score of 500 or a combined ACT score of 37.

Amateurism

All collegiate football players in the NCAA program, and all those receiving NCAA scholarships, must be amateur athletes. Future players must register with the NCCA in their junior year of high school to begin the amateur athlete process. By logging into the NCAA system, registered students can submit a request for a Final Certification of amateur athlete status. In order to achieve and maintain amateur status, students can't play with professional athletes, enter into contracts with professional sports teams, enter professional drafts, accept payment or gifts from schools, accept benefits from a sports agent or tryout for or practice with a professional team. Students can try out for professional teams and accept incentives from them before enrollment, but not after.

Scholarship Information

Football scholarships for Division I and Division II students are provided in part by the NCAA and in part by the school the student attends. As of 2011, the NCAA awards approximately $2 billion in scholarships annually to athletes in all sports at top tier schools. This constitutes more than 145,000 partial or full scholarships. Full scholarships cover all student cost and fees, from tuition and room and board to books and meals. Partial scholarships provide partial funding in discretionary amounts. All NCAA scholarships are awarded by the athletic departments of academic institutions, usually at the recommendation of the head coach.

Additional Information

Basketball players may enter the professional NBA draft once during their collegiate career while maintaining amateur status, provided they aren't drafted. Drafted players must go pro. International students must take the ACT or SAT in order to qualify as NCAA students, even if transferring from a foreign college or university. Home schooled students must also take a standardized test and provide proof of the equivalent of a high school diploma as per the laws in the student's home state.

Tags: high school, players must, amateur status, combined score, football players, math verbal

Transfer Out Of Community College

There are several things to consider when transferring out of community college.

At a community college, students can either complete an associate degree -- take a few technical courses -- or use the experience as a stepping-stone to university. If your plan is to transfer out of community college to earn a bachelor's degree, there are several things to consider. Do not wait until the last minute to make this decision. Your performance at community college, including the classes you take -- and the grades you earn -- should be shaped by your intention to transfer later.

Instructions

1. Plan your move early. The process to transferring out of community college begins the day you enroll. Discuss the plan with your adviser, so the two of you can formulate a plan for success. Your plan should include how many semesters you will stay at the college before you transfer, and the type of classes you will take.

2. Check the accreditation of your community college. You want to ensure the classes you're taking will transfer with no problem. Also, check that your community college runs on the same schedule as most four year colleges. If your community college runs on trimesters, and the school you're transferring to runs on semesters, it might be difficult to get all of your credits before the transfer.

3. Take a variety of classes. Most universities want students to complete the majority of the classes required for their major at their institution. Don't specialize: Take classes that will fulfill your general education credits.

4. Put your best foot forward. Take notes, attend all your of classes, turn in all of the assignments, and study hard. If your plan is to transfer, remember your GPA transfers with you. Keep in mind, some four schools will not accept credits from classes where you received a grade below a C.

5. Speak with academic and financial advisers to determine which school would be the best choice for you. If needed, apply for scholarships and financial aid as early as possible, so you can get as much help as you can.

6. Get your financial affairs in order. If you leave owing the college money, they will likely not release your transcripts. Make sure your record is free and clear, so there are no restrictions with applying or transferring to other schools.

Tags: community college, community college, your community, your community college, before transfer, college runs

Reasons To Earn A Phd

Many college professors hold a PhD.

There are many reasons to earn a PhD. The potential to command a higher income often outweighs the high cost of obtaining the degree. Earning a PhD allows you to explore a subject you love, acquire more knowledge and meet students and professors with interests similar to your own.

Research

Many people obtain a PhD because they're interested in a particular subject and want to research it. Working toward a PhD allows you to take classes of interest to you and get to know other experts in the same field. A PhD also prepares you for jobs that require a background in research.

Career

Obtaining the credentials to teach in a college or university is a common reason to earn a PhD. While some community colleges allow you to teach with only a master's degree, most schools prefer that applicants have a PhD or be in the process or earning it. You may also attain a PhD to qualify for a prestigious job such as doctor or lawyer. You may want to obtain a promotion in your current job or get a better job in the same field. Employees who have a PhD earn more money than those who don't have the degree.

Prestige

Many people earn a PhD because of the prestige it affords. You may want to impress friends or family members, or gain the respect of others. Some people, such as authors or entrepreneurs, obtain a PhD so that others take them seriously and consider them an expert in their field. A PhD often puts people in contact with other experts with whom they can network and further develop their careers.

Knowledge

Some people pursue a PhD because they have a thirst for knowledge. They love to learn new things; therefore they continue their education. These kinds of people often have multiple degrees in various subjects and more than one PhD. Accumulating knowledge makes them feel good about themselves. It also makes them interesting to others because they are knowledgeable about a variety of subjects.

Tags: because they, makes them, Many people, other experts, same field, Some people

Options For Paralegal Courses

The paralegal profession is a growing field to enter according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics' 2010-11 Occupational Outlook Handbook. Paralegals not only work with private attorneys, but they also have the option of working with many different government entities and nonprofit organizations. Although the opportunities are endless in this field, paralegals do not practice law. Paralegals conduct legal research and writing, help prepare for trial and organize and investigate cases; their work is always supervised by an attorney. A number of courses are available to those who want to become a paralegal.

Certificate programs

Certificate programs are offered at many state universities as well as community and technical colleges. Typically, you can earn a certificate in around a year. The program delves into all areas of law, including criminal, civil and administrative. The coursework generally involves only paralegal studies. This type of program may be ideal for individuals who work full time and have families. It also works well for people looking to change their careers or individuals who have been in the legal field for some time without official training and education.

Associate Degree

An associate degree is a two-year degree. The associate program is much like the certificate program, with the same coursework, but it is more involved and a degree is awarded upon completion. This program may work well if you are wanting to enter the paralegal profession, have no other college coursework behind you and you are not yet willing or do not have the time to enter into a four-year degree program.

Bachelor's Degree

Earning a bachelor's degree in paralegal studies takes approximately four years if you go to school full time. The bachelor's degree program covers substantial paralegal coursework. With the four-year degree the paralegal studies is combined with other coursework. However, it is not necessary to have a four-year degree in order to take the Certified Legal Assistant Exam.

National Association of Legal Assistants CLA Exam

The Certified Legal Assistant exam through the National Association of Legal Assistants is a nationally recognized certification. If you complete a paralegal certificate program or graduate with a degree in paralegal studies you are eligible to take this exam. Individuals who have degrees in other areas of study are eligible to take the exam if they have experience as a paralegal. It is also possible to take the CLA exam if you have seven or more years experience working as a legal assistant with no official paralegal education.

Tags: paralegal studies, degree paralegal, degree paralegal studies, four-year degree, Association Legal, Association Legal Assistants, bachelor degree

The Disadvantages Of Being A School Nurse

School nurses may not get as much clinical work as other nurses.

When a student isn't feeling well at school, it usually isn't a teacher or parent who ends up helping the student get medical care. In most cases, the person who helps a sick student is the school nurse. This profession allows registered nurses to work in an educational atmosphere. However, because being a school nurse has some disadvantages compared to nursing in a medical facility, this career is not a good option for every nurse.

Pay

As shown on the website jobmonkey.com, school nurses are able to enjoy having the summer off and getting off work when classes end (usually mid-afternoon). Their schedules are fairly stable. However, these conveniences come at a literal price. Nurses who work in schools earn a wage that is below average when compared to other registered nurses. Considering that school nurses and nurses who work in medical facilities may have gone through the same training programs, this means that a school nurse cannot expect as big of a return on her educational and financial nursing investment.

Regulations

School nurses have to abide by all of the standard regulations for nursing. However, as shown by the National Association of School Nurses, school nurses have their own code of ethics and standards because they are in a different work environment. In addition, they have to deal with educational administrators rather than hospital administrators who may be more familiar with nursing needs and practices. As a consequence, school nurses have to deal with a great deal of red tape.

Nursing Amount and Type

The work of a school nurse may be limited by a small amount of resources within the educational facility. Usually, the school nurse provides care only until parents can come get the sick child or until the child may be transported to a medical facility. They thus don't have the opportunity to follow cases through with a great deal of independence. Additionally, school nurses may see a lot of the same types of issues (e.g., general nausea, fevers) and therefore may not be as challenged in terms of what they need to treat. Instead of spending their days consistently treating patients, school nurses may spend the majority of their time planning health and safety programs. Although this is related to nursing and certainly provides a needed service, it may not really give a nurse as much of a chance to apply clinical skills.

Tags: school nurse, school nurses, nurses have, deal with, great deal

What Is Required To Be An Lpn

Becoming a licensed practical nurse can give you the opportunity to get into the medical field quickly and start helping people. The licensed practical nurse is one step above certified nursing assistants and one step below registered nurses in the hierarchy of nursing. If you are interested in becoming an LPN, you must complete the necessary educational requirements.

Getting into School

If you want to become an LPN, you have to complete a nursing program first. Before you can complete this step of the process, you have to get into nursing school. Most schools that offer licensed practical nursing programs are vocational or technical schools. Getting into one of these schools typically requires you to have a high school diploma or a GED. Besides having this, you also must take an entrance exam with most LPN programs before you can be accepted.

LPN School

LPN programs typically take about a year to complete. Programs involve a great deal of classroom learning as well as hands-on experience. You will learn about the human body as well as how it is treated with modern medicine. The courses also focus on learning take care of patients and provide them with the best medical help available. Once you graduate from the program, you are given a diploma.

LPN Licensing

After you graduate from a state-approved LPN program, you must become licensed before you can start working as a nurse. To get licensed in the area, you have to take the appropriate examination. This exam is referred to as the National Council Licensure Examination. For LPNs, the test is the NCLEX-PN. Each state gives a variation of this test, and once you pass it, you can then start working.

Temperament

Besides having the right type of training and licensing, you also have to be the right type of person to work as an LPN. For instance, you must be willing to take orders from a registered nurse before you can work as a licensed practical nurse. You also have to be caring and sympathetic to the needs of the patients you care for. You must also be willing to handle heavy stress.

Tags: licensed practical, licensed practical nurse, practical nurse, also have, Besides having, Getting into

Prepare Graduation Announcements

A graduate's special milestone is marked by the sending of announcements.

Graduation announcements are sent out to announce the achievement of a student's graduation, typically from high school or college. Graduation announcements are a precursor to the actual graduation party invitations. Graduation parties can be delayed for several months due to scheduling conflicts, so a graduation announcement allows you to alert loved ones of the special occasion closer to the actual event. Announcements also allow you to include people you would not be able to invite to a graduation party or would not be able to attend. Announcements allow you to share the news without having to worry about accommodating everyone on your mailing list for a party.

Instructions

1. Assemble your mailing list. Since this is not a party invitation, feel free to send as many as you like to friends and family who live anywhere.

2. Compose the announcements. In the opening line, make the announcement, such as "Please join us in congratulating Samantha on her graduation from MSU."

3. Add a personal note to bring a touch of intimacy to the announcement. For example, "Samantha's father and I are filled with pride at the accomplishments she has made throughout her educational career. We look forward to seeing what her bright future is to bring."

4. Include a GPA in the announcement if it is a 3.0 or higher. If you are including a GPA, it should be one that will invoke pride and success. For example, "Samantha graduated with an impressive GPA of 3.7, a sign of her hard work and determination."

5. Add a note to show appreciation for the love and support of friends and family. For example, "The love and support of Samantha's family and friends helped bring about the success we are now celebrating. For that, thank you."

Tags: your mailing list, example Samantha, friends family, Graduation announcements, graduation party

Pennsylvania Online Degree Programs

A laptop computer

Online degree programs offer flexibility that you simply cannot get from attending classes on campus. For this reason, many colleges are now offering online degree programs to compete in the growing world of online education. In Pennsylvania, several established institutions have begun offering online classes and degrees that can be obtained entirely online.

Penn State University

Penn State University is one of the emerging leaders in online degree programs. Students obtaining a degree online through Penn State's World Campus receive a degree that does not differ from the degrees conferred through its on-campus programs. "U.S. News and World Report" rated Penn State University as the 47th best university nationwide for 2009. Likewise, GetEducated.com, a leading website for ranking and critiquing online degree programs, featured the Penn State program as a "best buy" in 2009. Penn State is regionally accredited by the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges. Many of the 60 or so online degrees offered by the World Campus can be obtained entirely online with no residency requirements. Penn State offers degrees at both the undergraduate and graduate level, including the highly sought-after MBA (master of business administration). One of the more innovative degree programs offered by Penn State is its master's level degree in homeland security.

Penn State World Campus

Pennsylvania State University

128 Outreach Building

University Park, PA 16802

(814) 865-5403

worldcampus.psu.edu

California University of Pennsylvania

Although it does not offer as many online degree programs as Penn State, California University of Pennsylvania does offer students three different online degree options. Three areas of concentration are offered in the field of legal studies at the graduate level. The areas of concentration possible in this master's degree program are law and public policy, criminal justice and homeland security. In the field of education, California University offers a master of arts in education and a master of education in various concentrations. Undergraduate degrees include a degree in fitness and wellness along with a bachelor's degree in legal studies. Like Penn State, California University is also regionally accredited by the Middle Association of Schools and Colleges.

California University of Pennsylvania

Global Online Program

250 University Ave.

California, PA 15419

(727) 938-5958

(866) 595-6348

cup.edu/go/index.jsp

Blooomsburg University of Pennsylvania

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania also offers fewer online degree options than the much larger Penn State University, but it does afford students living in Pennsylvania with yet another online degree option. Master's-level degrees are available in the field of instructional technology, with concentrations in corporate application and technology specialization. A non-degree option also is available through a certificate in e-learning development. Bloomsburg University is regionally accredited by the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges.

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania

400 E. Second St.

Bloomsburg, PA 17815

(570) 389-4506

bloomu.edu

Tags: Penn State, degree programs, University Pennsylvania, California University, State University

Take An Online Typing Course

Typing is experiencing a newfound popularity thanks to the Internet. This old-fashioned skill has become a necessity for the millions who browse the Internet every day. Whether you need to learn the basics or just get a refresher, here are some guidelines for taking an online typing course.

Instructions

1. Search the Internet by typing "Online Typing Courses" in a engine to find out take an online typing course. Visit websites and compare services.

2. Be sure your computer meets the system requirements. Many online typing courses call for Pentium III or higher computers with a minimum of 64MB of memory.

3. Look for age-appropriate instruction. Online typing courses are offered for adults, young adults and children.

4. Choose your own level whether it be beginner, average, advanced or expert. There are sites that offer different training modules so students can advance to higher levels.

5. Use the proper finger positioning and typing technique while you increase your speed and accuracy.

6. Participate in practice exercises and typing tests. Some online typing courses allow you to monitor your progress as a means of self-motivation.

7. Inquire about the availability of a coach to provide personal training, incentives and guidance.

8. Take advantage of free trials offered by some companies to determine if an online typing course is right for you.

9. Earn a certificate of completion after taking a certification typing exam.

10. Shop around for the best deal. Some sites offer free online typing courses, others charge a fee and some ask for a donation.

Tags: online typing, online typing, online typing course, online typing courses, typing course, typing courses, typing courses

How Much Is Cosmetology School

Cosmetology is one career that will most likely be around for many years. As long as there are people who need hair styled, nails manicured, and make-up expertly applied for special occasions, there will be a need for well-trained cosmetology school graduates.

As with any training, it does cost money to attend cosmetology school. How much depends on a number of factors.

Factors

Average tuition is between $1500 and $3500 for the entire course. Average cost per credit hour is between $40 and $50. Cosmetology schools in or near large cities such as New York or Boston may charge a much higher tuition, as much as $10,000, than those located in smaller cities or even suburban or rural areas. Most tuition is flat-rate, whether one attends full- or part-time.

Time Frame

The length of training will depend on which area(s) of cosmetology are involved. It can take as little as 1,500 hours or as many as 2,000 hours, depending on state regulations, which differ from state to state, and may affect cost.

Additionally, while some cosmetology courses may address each aspect of cosmetology training (hairstyling, esthetics, nail technique, barbering, and make up application), in some instances, it may be necessary for a cosmetologist to hold certification in each area that he or she wishes to operate. This may make the actual training time longer, and cause a cost increase.

Features

A cosmetology school that is worth the price one is paying to attend will put its students first. Not only will instructors teach the necessary techniques, but will assist students in finding and applying for financial aid, job placement, career advancement, and continuing education.

Of course, the latest equipment and most current supplies will be available for the students. The equipment will be clean, in good shape, and will operate at maximum performance. Likewise, the building or area where the school is located itself should be clean and well-maintained.

Considerations

Because cosmetology covers a number of areas besides hairstyling, the number of courses taken will also be a factor. It may be necessary to pay separately for each course taken, which can raise the overall cost of tuition; however, the majority of courses are included in the overall course.

Potential

Good training does allow for advancement. Because "word of mouth" is the best advertisement, good training may result in a large enough client base that operating one's own business may someday be a true reality.

Tags: cosmetology school, training does

Declare Yourself Independent For Financial Aid For College In New Jersey

Throughout the country, more than two-thirds of college students receive some form of federal or state financial aid to finance their college degree. Students receiving federal or state financial aid are required to fill out a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) to calculate the need for financial aid, which takes into account the parent's finances in calculating the child's need for financial aid. If you are attending college in New Jersey and your parents are unable or unwilling to provide financial support, you can increase your eligibility for federal student aid by declaring financial independence from your parents.

Instructions

1. Access the FAFSA website. Log in to the FAFSA website using your last name, date of birth, social security number and four-digit Department of Education PIN.

2. Choose to file a new FAFSA or amend your old FAFSA. After logging in, you have the option of choosing to file a new FAFSA or amend your old one. If you have already submitted a FAFSA in a calendar year, you must amend your old one to increase eligibility for federal aid. If you have not yet filed a FAFSA for a calendar year, you must file a new FAFSA.

3. Determine if you are eligible to be declared financially independent from your parents. The Department of Education recognizes seven situations in which a parent's assets are not considered when determining need for financial aid. These circumstances include the student being born before January 1, 1987, the student's enrollment in a graduate or professional degree program, marriage, providing more than half of the necessary support to a dependent, being an orphan or ward of the court or being a military veteran.

4. Declare your independence on your FAFSA. If you fall under one or more of the above categories, check the appropriate box on your FAFSA. Your parent's assets will now be ignored in determining your need for federal student aid.

5. Check with your financial aid department. If you are attending college in New Jersey, check with the financial aid department of your college after amending your FAFSA. You will now be able to increase the amount of federal and state aid received. Additionally, you may now become eligible for additional aid from the college you are attending if the college provides need-based scholarships. New Jersey colleges offering need-based financial aid include Rutgers University and The College of New Jersey.

Tags: your FAFSA, amend your, attending college, federal state, file FAFSA, need financial, your parents

Concentrate On Studying

Good study habits are what separate the good students from the mediocre. It's natural to not want to study; especially when there are video games to play, friends to gossip with and TiVo to watch. After a good study session, you will enjoy all those activities even more. Besides, developing your concentration is it's own reward in that it helps make you a calmer, smarter person for life. Read on to learn how.

Instructions

1. Pick a spot to study. If you find the right place and keep coming back to it, you will condition your brain to focus when the time comes to crack the books. Find a place where you can spread out your materials. Think about whether you concentrate best in complete seclusion or with some background activity. Any location you pick should be well lighted and ventilated.

2. Choose a time to study. Everybody has points in the day when they are sharpest, whether be in the calm morning hours or after a workout. To develop good study habits, start at the same time each day and plan your other activities around this period.

3. Begin at the beginning, and make a plan if you're not sure where that is. Especially around finals or when approaching a term paper, just thinking about work involved can literally induce panic. Start your study session by making a list of what you need to get done. Break large projects up into easily digestible chunks, and give yourself plenty of time to complete each one.

4. Minimize distractions, including cell phones, email and social networking sites. Noise is okay if you need the sound of music or television in the background; if you need total silence, invest in ear plugs. If you are distracted by shiny objects, keep your head down so you see only the page in front of you. Just think, the better your concentration, the sooner you'll be done.

5. Use active reading techniques to keep your brain from wandering off. Reading is only as effective as the information you remember, so challenge yourself by asking questions as you go. Try looking away from the page and summarizing out loud what you just read. Make notes on what you don't understand and follow up with the instructor.

6. Mix it up. Study one subject for an hour, take a break, and then continue with another subject. It's natural to want variety so that you stay interested in what you are trying to learn. If you find a particular subject boring, sandwich it between two subjects you enjoy.

7. Give yourself incentives to finish. This is an important part of developing good study habits. Deep down we are all five year olds who just want a candy bar. Let your treat be a chat with friends, a healthy snack, or even a night on the town if you finish a big project.

Tags: good study, study habits, keep your, natural want, study session

Write Pageturning Scenes

Good structure plus compelling content equals a page turner.

Eager to find out what happens next, a reader may race through page-turning scenes -- but it takes attention to detail and more than one revision for the author to produce such an effect. The structure of the novel or story as a whole should be reflected in a scene. Therefore, there should be not only a beginning middle and end, but rising and falling action to mimic the rising and falling action of the entire book. While structure is important, writing page-turning scenes also involves producing vivid characters and generating conflict.

Instructions

1. Give your main character a goal. Have her want and need something so badly that she takes action to get it. Action can be physical or psychological, but it must be something the main character does. Active main characters make for interesting reading.

2. Make the main character pursue a goal in each scene of a story and in each scene and chapter of a novel. This should be a stepping stone to help him achieve his overall goal. Plan your story around this concept, allowing for changes along the way if you feel a scene or storyline isn't working. Each scene and chapter should mimic the overall structure of the piece of fiction or novel.

3. Introduce conflict. Present obstacles that the main character must overcome. Conflict is interesting for the reader, and without conflict there is no story.

4. Edit and revise your work, eliminating as many extraneous words as possible. The writing in page turners is taut not bogged down with irrelevant detail. Make sure every word counts.

Tags: main character, each scene, falling action, page-turning scenes, rising falling, rising falling action, scene chapter

Determine An Author'S Main Purpose Of A Paragraph In A Standardized Test

A common question on standardized tests such as the SAT asks students to determine the main point of a paragraph or reading passage. Figuring out an author's main purpose often causes difficulty for students, as it requires a thorough reading of a passage. There are a few tricks you can use to find the main point quickly so that you can move on to answer the rest of the questions about the paragraph.

Instructions

1. Read the introductory passage that is printed just before the passage. On standardized tests, this passage is typically printed in italics and provides a summary of what you are about to read. The introductory passage may also explain the purpose of the text that follows.

2. Look closely at the first and last sentences of the paragraph. Usually, an author uses the first sentence to sum up his point in writing a paragraph. He may also sum up the purpose in the last paragraph, so it's important to examine both closely.

3. Ask yourself what the author is trying to do in the paragraph. For example, in a paragraph about the author's love of chocolate, his main purpose in writing the paragraph is to express his love of a certain food. As you read a paragraph, remember to ask why the author wrote it. Also keep in mind that the purpose does not have to be very specific.

4. Examine the answer choices listed below the question if you are still unsure. Standardized tests typically list five options for you to choose from. You should be able to eliminate at least one or two right away when trying to determine the purpose of a paragraph. For example, some answer options may focus on a very small fact pointed out in the paragraph, which isn't the main purpose.

Tags: introductory passage, main point, main purpose, paragraph example, reading passage, standardized tests